Management Essay Example for Free

Management EssayNy organization, whether new or old, small or big, requires certain methods, procedures and plans in place for its efficient functioning. For this to happen, they must develop and implement management concepts which help them implement their vision for the future of the organization. Index provision Organizing Directing/Leading arbitrary Staffing The Fifth Function The concept of functions of management was put forth by Henri Fayol, a management theorist from France, influential in proposing many of the management concepts in use today. Originally, he had proposed five management functions amely, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Modern texts construct reduced the functions from five to four. They include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The four concepts of management, translated into functions lead to the creation of a viscid organization. They can be seen here as a diagram.It is interesting to note that there is no hard and fast rule to be followed in the covering of these functions, as management is a real-time decision-making system, any of these functions can be operational in conjunction with any other and also as ndependent entities themselves. Planning is the foundation pillar of management. It is the base upon which all other areas of management are built. Planning requires administration to assess where the company presently is and where it would be in the sexual climax years.From there, an appropriate course of action is determined and implemented to attain the companys goals and objectives. Planning is an unending course of action. There may be sudden strategies required to be implemented during a crisis. There are external factors that constantly affect a company, both positively and negatively. Depending on the conditions, a company may have to alter its course of action regarding certain goals. This kind of preparation or arrangement is known as strategic planning.In strateg ic planning, management analyzes interior and external tactors that may affect the company, its objectives and goals. One of the primary tools of strategic planning is the use of SWOT Analysis, a technique that helps organizations find their strengths and weaknesses, identify areas of opportunity and channelize preventive measures against threats arising from both internal and external environmental factors.

Why Is HRT Prescribed For Menopausal Women

Why Is hormone-replacement therapy Prescribed For Menopausal WomenThis talk to answer the research question (Why hormone-replacement therapy is prescribed for menopausal women despite the risk of dresser cancer?) was carried out as mentioned in the methodology section using the literature review methodology. The selected studies were appraised with the life-sustaining appraisal tools by the Public health resource Unit. The methodology of literature review had well support to review all the studies in the perspective of the opposite and divulge meaningful evidence and information which in a single study capacity would have been otherwise unnoticed. The Critical appraisal tools have assisted to review all the studies comprehensively to ensure there validity, reliability and applicability so that the result could be generalized to all the menopausal women population. The studies which have been reviewed were conducted in various settings with participants from all types of study population hence the results are a whole few reunion of the existing predisposing factors with the associated risk of hormone-replacement therapy in the incidence of breast cancer.ANSWER TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONEvery doctor has the relief of the patient of utmost importance while prescribing a treatment and every treatment is meant to trifle relief. And treatment has dose schedules, administration guidelines and perhaps side-effects which are generally explained by the doctor. But unlike other medicines there is a lot of unrest nigh the practice session of HRT though the associated risk when evaluated with other factors is not high.Keeping the results and conclusions derived from these studies in the present and elements for further research in front, it is seen that HRT does have benefits.These associated benefits with subprogram of HRT according to this study are1) Use of HRT decreases the risk of death overall (Sellers et.al,1997) (Sener et.al, 2009) and is associated with r ecurrence, metastasis-free survival and better overall and disease-free survival than HRT nonusers in the univariate analysis irrespective of the start of menopause (Sener et.al , 2009) (Bonneir et.al, 1998)2) HRT does not maturation the risk of breast cancer when administered to women for whom other risk factors have been excluded (Tzingounis et.al, 1996).2) There is an reverse relationship between HRT and mortality due to coronary heart disease, stroke and cancers other than breast (Sellers et.al, 1997)4) Use of HRT gives fewer locally mod cancers and smaller and better-differentiated cancers compared to non-users (Bonneir et.al, 1998).5) HRT is a favourable prognostic factor for breast cancer. (Bonneir et.al, 1998)6) Use of HRT counteracts the change magnitude incidence of breast cancer with the lower incidence of other tumors. (Olsson et.al, 2001)7) Long term HRT use has a favorable effect over against colorectal and endometrial cancer. (Writing Group for the Womens Health Initiative Investigators, 2002) (Corrao et.al, 2008).8) Use of trans-dermal HRT compared to the oral use of HRT is associated with lesser risk of breast cancer (Million women study collaborators, 2003) (Corrao et.al, 2008) which is presumed by the WHI, 2002.However these benefits depend on many other inter-connected factors of time of use, age of the menopausal woman, past personal history of HRT used, family history related to breast cancer, dose of the HRT administered and type of HRT regime prescribed.These aforesaid(prenominal) factors affect the element of risk as well in the following way.1) Risk of breast cancer may be increased with HRT use for duration of 5 years or less in women with family history of breast cancer (Sellers et.al,1997) (Olsson et.al, 2001).2) Increased risk of breast cancer after elongated use of HRT (Olsson et.al, 2001) (Sellers et.al, 1997) (Corrao et.al, 2008) (Sellers et.al, 1997) (Olsson et.al, 2001). This risk increased with increasing duration of use and decreased with time and r distributivelyed at baseline with 5 years time. (Ewertz et.al, 2005) (Million women study collaborators, 2003)3) high risk in current users than in past users which was greater for combined therapy than for other oral types of HRT (Million women study collaborators, 2003).4) Women who used combined estrogen and progestogen HRT regime are at increased risk of breast cancer (Stahlberg et.al, 2004) (Million women study collaborators, 2003) and Oral HRT use for long term had a higher risk of breast cancer than trans-dermal use of HRT (Corrao et.al, 2008).5) Increased risk of breast cancer with current use of HRT in women of 50 years of age and above which increased with increased use. No increased risk in women between the ages of 40-49 (Ewertz et.al, 2005) (Million women study collaborators, 2003).6) The risk of breast cancer increased in women who were current HRT users and had used OC in the past. (Lund et.al, 2007)7) HRT users developed breast can cer at a younger age than non HRT users (Sener et.al, 2009). check to the synopsis of the issues and factors derived it can be concluded that there are benefits associated with use of HRT which mutually depend on the risk factors. And this is the reason why HRT is prescribed for menopausal women despite the risk of breast cancer. And these will again depend on gynaecologist sound judgement and patients level of knowledge and awareness (2006).RECOMMENDATIONSTo ingest the optimal benefit with minimally associated risk, HRT could be prescribed to menopausal women for lesser duration which the studies present as 5 years. This duration which could be problematic and the age of the women also has to be considered with the link of different effects of HRT in different age groups would again depend on the individual gynecologists judgment and the patients compliance for regular follow up and mammographic screening.An attempt has been made to clear the otherwise existing dilemma of presc ribing HRT or not but this again depends on many other factors which are most importantly the patients follow up and the doctors perception of the associated prescribing strategies. However more research is needed as in spite of appearance the limitations of this dissertation though it is possible to conclude that there are benefits associated with the use of HRT despite the risk of breast cancer it is not possible to fruitcake out an effective prescribing strategy. And to bring any considerable changes a prescribing strategy and better patient compliance for follow-up would be needed.LESSONS LEARNTThese total results, conclusions and opinions from the studies have presented close to principle elements which could guide through the dilemma of prescribing HRT to yet another menopausal woman.1) It is evident that duration has a role to play in the increase of the foresaid risk of breast cancer and that there is no risk with the use of HRT in the past.2) A lot would also depend on t he gynecologist or the physicians prescribing principles. It would be needed by them to follow some guiding factors like evaluating high-risk and low-risk women, family history and previous history of Oral Contraceptives which would vary for each patient.3) A regular follow-up and timely check up as mentioned would financial aid to catch otherwise unnoticeable breast changes.4) Another factor which needs to be pursued for future research and studies is the type of HRT regimes. In routine HRT is prescribed orally hence less is known nearly other methods of administration which could perhaps assist in reducing the risk.5) It would also be helpful to find if there is a link with the BMI and use of HRT. primarily obesity is linked to many diseases and unhealthy conditions and this would help to categorize women into high or low risk group.This dissertation has tried to bring up some associating factors which could help to extract the optimal benefits with lesser risk. This systemati c approach has helped conduct this dissertation so as to answer the research question. However research in healthcare is never ending and is expanding every day (Aveyard, 2010). New studies with various designs are being conducted around this topic as I write my dissertation which will bring in more new opinions and evidences which will form base for yet another dissertation or study tomorrow to help develop a successful prescribing strategy.

Power Relations In Diego Velazquezs Las Meninas English Literature Essay

Power Relations In Diego Velazquezs Las Meninas English Literature EssayThe precedent of the moving picture Las Meninas (1656), Diego Velzquez (1599-1660) worked at the court of Philip IV, thus at the centre of the centralised male monarch structure of wizard(a) of the original nation-states of Early Modern Europe. Las Meninas has been argued twain in Velzquez time and in ours to be his masterpiece.My purpose in this essay is to argue for an interpretation of this icon and its shaping by an exploration of power congresss quite than by perspectival considerations. My interest in the present essay will be to analyse Las Meninas within the perspective of power relations, in an effort to interpret an election reading to the literature based splendidly on the technical aspects of the paint. A lot has been written regarding the great unclearness that the house video Las Meninas seals, but, there is a unbelief that we essential ac association in presence of the visual int ricacy of the painting, what indeed did Velzquez paint? I am non looking to provide the final answer to this question in this essay. However, I believe that by analysing Las Meninas within the perspective of power relations, I bottomland contribute to the scholarship on Velzquez and provide an approach that fucking also contribute to the answer of this question.Las Meninas (fig. 1) (Spanish for The Maids of Honour) is an oil on tap painting with 318 cm - 276 cm. The setting is a grown room and it has long been unclear whether the midland represented in the painting is real or imaginary. F. J. Snchez Cantn identified the room by the paintings in it as the main sleeping room of an apartment in the Alczar of Madrid that had been occupied by Prince Baltazar Carlos before its assignment to Velzquez.2However, F. Iiguez Almech was unable, when analysing the seventeenth-century plans of Alczar, to reveal any room that would correspond to the nonp atomic number 18il in the painting, existence possible that Velzquez did not depict any actual room.3Fig. 1. Diego Velzquez, Las Meninas, 1656, Museu Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Available from Museu Nacional del Prado Galera On-Line (accessed 29 frustratech 2010).The painting presents a composition distributed in wellspring organised spatial structure that provides to the depicted room a sensation of realism, proximity and discretion, being the composition concentric, with the Infanta Margarita Mara de Austria as its focal point.4The depth of the painting is accentuated by the frames on the w whole on the proficient, by the raftvas on the left and by the 2 empty chandeliers on the ceiling. In addition, the painting combines discreet colours, providing harmony to the painting (white, grey and black of the attires with details in red, beige of the canvas, and again tones of black and grey in the non-illuminated parts of the room).5On the well(p) of the room, one has an oblique view of the wall with apertures which seem to be windows that let light into the room. On the left, the view of the room is cut by a large canvas seen from the back. The painter himself, Diego Velzquez, is portrayed in front of this canvas with a paintbrush on his hand, who seems to have just stopped working on the canvas for a moment in order to gaze out his models. Velzquez was fifty-seven years old when he multicolor Las Meninas and depicted himself in it, but without wrinkles, white hair, or any other sign that could indicate his actual age. The canvas Velzquez is working on is not subgross to the viewer. More or slight to the centre of the canvas stands a little girl identified as the Infanta of Spain, Doa Margarita Mara de Austria, who also gazes out in the manner of a delineation, and or so who the other figures gravitate . . . like planets of an intricate, subtly ordered system, and reflect her light.6She is surrounded on both sides by two young women attendants (the meninas of the title), being the on e on the left (Doa Mara Agustina Sarmiento de Sotomayor) kneeling at the feet of the Infanta and offering her a bcaro in a tray, while the other on the remedy (Doa Isabel de Velasco) inclines a bit to the Infanta and turns her glance outwards the canvas. To the right of this multitude, in the corner of the canvas, stand two dwarves of distorted appearance, also court attendants. The woman named Mara Barbola gazes outwards, while the midget who steps on the dog is Nicolasico Pertusato. On a more innate plan is Doa Marcela de Ulloa, lady of honour, who turns her dealer to address a man (escort for ladies of the court), who stands beside her and looks outwards. Some distance behind them is the rear wall of the room, which has a door where stands Don Jos Nieto Velzquez, Aposentador of the Queen, also gazing outwards. To the left of Jos Nieto, the world-beater Philip IV and the Queen Mara Ana de Austria are reflected in a reverberate. Some of the figures in the painting present li ttle problem of identification, namely Velzquez and the Infanta the others are less obvious. This identification of the figures in the painting is based on Velzquez earliest biographer, Antonio Palomino, who named the figures in Las Meninas on the basis of the known population of the court in Book terzetto of his Museu Pictrico y Escala ptica, which was first published in 1724.7Palomino also identifies the two paintings in the upper part of the back wall with the then current kingly holdings Minerva Punishing Arachne and Apollos Victory over Marsyas, both originally by Peter Paul Rubens.8The Infanta occupies the centre of the visual think, together with the King and Queens reflection on the mirror and the painter. The superior half of the painting is occupied with lamps and spots of light that enter trough the openings on the right wall there are shadows coating the back superior part of the wall. The perspective is taken from an angle that closes itself in the right with an op ening in the wall. In the left, in some other diagonal plan, the painting that is being painted by Velzquez leaves the figures in second plan and cuts obliquely the space. In the back, the mirror and the door make allusion to unknown spaces, which together with the spatial chassis of the portrayed room open the painting to the exterior and pulls the viewer to inner(a) of the composition. As Madlyn Millner Kahr points out, the mirror in the painting contributes its own special brand of magic. In Las Meninas it directs the observers attention to events going on outside the picture (the presence of the august couple), which in turn brings the observer within the picture area.9On her article Velzquez and Las Meninas, Kahr divides the condition of characters with a wide range of ages and physical types into different groups.10One of these groups is the dog, the midget and the female dwarf. According to Kahr, these three characters form a group apart imputable to their position in sp ace and their compositional unity.11The central group, as Kahr argues, stands behind them, being constituted by the Infanta and the two meninas. The painter, Doa Marcela de Ulloa and the guardadamas forms another group and the last group is composed by the Aposentador of the Queen standing in the stairs and by King Philip IV and Queen Mara Ana reflected on the mirror.12Thus, Kahr divides the characters in groups of three. This division provides unity, coherence and structure to the painting, and by placing the group of the Infanta and the two meninas as the central one, Kahrs group division concurs with Palominos consideration that the painting is a portrait of the Infanta.13The light that enters the room by the right side wall apertures mainly illuminates the Infanta, Doa Maria Agustina Sarmiento and partially the other menina, that are highlighted in relation to the darkness behind them, reinforcing the conception that Las Meninas is a portrait of the Infanta of Spain. Carl Justi also described Las Meninas as a portrait of the Infanta Margarita as the centre of a recurrent scene of the palace life.14Joel Snyder agrees that considering the painting as the portrait of the Infanta Margarita, as Palomino and Carl Justi do, is a movement in the correct direction, but it fails to explain the presence of all the other figures in it that compete for our attention.15Jonathan Brown states that the field of view of the painting is no one in particular, but that the painting is a claim for the nobility of Velzquezs art.16However, Snyder points outTo suggest that Las Meninas is a demonstration of the nobility of painting and of its proper place in the liberal arts, as Jonathan Brown does, is to locate the interest of the painting in the conditions of its origination and in the means employed to produce the demonstration. This is surely interesting and, if correct, revealing but, again, it does not bring us to terms with the subject of the painting with what the paintin g is shove off ensemble.17Firstly, the tout ensemble of the painting may be explored individually (considering the power relations between each figure in the painting), in order to then identify the subject of the painting.In approaching this issue, one should agree that one can identify the presence of the centralised power in the painting Las Meninas. The power in this painting may be recognized in several aspects. There is in the painting two distinct social groups the working class and the one that enjoys the labour of those who work. On the one hand, we have the painter, the maids, the lady of honour, the escort for ladies of the court, the Aposentador of the Queen, and the dwarfs represented while, on the other hand, we have the aristocracy represented in the Infanta that occupies the centre of the painting and King Philip IV and Queen Mara Ana de Austria reflected on the mirror.When one questions why Velzquez depicted himself together with all the members of the august hous ehold, the answer may be that he wanted to indicate that he also belonged to this illustrious circle. Sira Dambe states that in Golden Age Spain, the art of painting, still relegated to the rank of craft, had not yet been accorded follow status with the higher arts, such as music or poetry.18Therefore, this painting may be seen as Velzquezs proclamation of . . . power and status as a creator.19The ecclesiastic power is also present in the cross of the Santiagos Order in the chest of the painter, which was not originally painted by Velzquez, being painted after the artists death by the Kings demand.20When analysing the Fable of Arachne and Las Meninas, Jonathan Brown states, Velzquezs claim for the nobility of his art are firmly embedded in these multi-layered works, and in Las Meninas the gentleman painter, stands confidently at the easel, basking in the glory of the monarchs soul. And on his breast, the vibrant red cross of Santiago marks the artist as a nobleman.21In addition, o ne can also identify the presence of the artistical power of the painter over the remaining figures due to the dominium of the artistic language, but at the same time, the artistic needs to observe to a superior power, and in this case, the kingship. This statement finds support on the magnificent couple pictured in the mirror that accordingly represent the kingly power. On her article Picturing Power Representation and Las Meninas, Amy M. Schmitter affirmsThe Kings representation is a force of power, a manifestation of royal power that embodies, displays, and extends it. It is a representation that acts, that represents by presenting, exhibiting, or exposing titles and qualifications, by figuring them in painting, by being a sign, by bringing to observation, and by playing in public. It thereby constitutes its subject, the royal power and the royal office, by representing it.22One can agree that the depiction of the King Philip IV and the Queen Mara Ana de Austria on the mirror and of the Infanta Margarita as main focus of the painting represents directly in the painting the royal power it represents those that should be looked with reverence and submission. Furthermore, with the glances one receives and returns in the painting, the represented royal power gazes with control and wariness over everyone else.Regarding the power relations between the remaining figures of the painting, one can argue that the meninas, the guardadamas and the lady of honour, by their own social condition are subordinates of the kingship. The two dwarfs are also condemned to the royal power and have as their attend to to entertain the royal household. The dog that is being stepped by the dwarf on the right is condemned to an even lower position (a submissive animal). In this perspective of power relations, the presence of Jos Nieto Velzquez becomes enigmatic. Despite being the Aposentador of the Queen and therefore ruled by the royal power, he is portrayed in profile on the st airs of the back door, seemingly indicating an indecision of staying under the gaze of the royal power or leaving. From this analysis, one can agree that all the figures of the painting are entangled in the webs of power.Although the delimitations of power are well defined in the painting, representing the historical, political and economic conditions of seventeenth-century Spain, another way of looking at this issue is through the indirect allusions also present in the painting, such as the dwarf, positioned in perfect diagonal confederation with the painter. The two associate by contrast the painter as the creator and admirer of what is beautiful, and the dwarf as symbol of deformity. In common, there is the fact that both are represented images of social groups placed aside from power. One should, nevertheless, consider this opposition from another angle. From the contrast itself between what the painter and the dwarf represent, one can obtain an exchange of parts by acknowledgi ng that the arts represent both the sublime as well as the grotesque. Therefore, there is in this aesthetical loyalty a subversion of the institutionalised values of power.The power of kingship is also central in Michel Foucaults chapter on Diego Velzquezs Las Meninas, being this the opening chapter of his book The Order of Things.23According to Foucault the function of the mirror reflection of the King and the Queen is to bring to the painting what is external to it. In the chapter Las Meninas, Foucault attributes the theme of the painting to the external space and gives the Infanta and her maids (internal space) the function of entertaining the King and Queen that are in front of the representation (outside space) as Vlazquezs models.24Foucaults critical analysis derives from the observation angle of the Infanta, the King and Queen in the mirror and how their gazes define the centre of the picture. The mirror in the back leads to the conclusion, as Foucault states, that it is abo ut a question of what looks and what is looked. From these encounters of gazes and perceptions, the author notes that the notion of double arises from this painting. To Foucault the double reveals itself in the painting from inside the painting itself. The painting that Velzquez is painting in the portrait will be the representation of the reflexion of the King and Queen in the mirror at the back.25On the chapter dedicated to Las Meninas, Foucault argues that the Classical age, roughly the period from the seventeenth-century to the eighteenth-century, was a period when the intellectual world focused on the representations of the real. Accordingly, Foucault defines the subject of Las Meninas as the representation itself. To adduce from FoucaultPerhaps there exists, in this painting by Velzquez, the representation as it were of Classical representation, and the definition of space it opens up to us . . . But there, in the middle of this dispersion which is simultaneously grouping to gether and spreading out before us, indicated compellingly from every side, is an essential void the necessary disappearance of that which is its foundation of the person it resembles and the person whose eyes it is only a resemblance. This very subject which is the same has been elided. And representation, freed finally from the relation that was impeding it, can offer itself as representation in its pure form.26Therefore, Foucault argues that in Las Meninas representation tries to interpretate itself. In contemporaneous philosophy, it is the language that is going to establish the relation between the similarities with the world, making possible representation. Thus, one can affirm that the act point from classic epistm to modern epistm is the passage of language as mediator (in representation) to object of knowledge. In the modern epistm, language does not reveal more directly the identity of the world, but it reveals the relations between things and the Man. It is from here that occurs the questioning of Man as centre around whom all the knowledge is created. Thus, Velzquez painting represents what is to come. The modern epistm is anticipated in Velzquezs Las Meninas it is the utopic function of art of anticipating the future. Consequently, to Foucault, Las Meninas is represented in an epistemic system the subject of representation should remain unseeable (the empty space of the kingship is the place that in the modern episteme will be occupied by the Man). Foucault points outAt once object since it is what the artist is write onto his canvas and subject since what the painter had in front of his eyes, as he represented himself in the course of work, was himself, since the gazes portrayed in the picture are all directed toward the fictitious position occupied by the royal personage, which is also the painters real place, since the occupier of that ambiguous place, in which the painter and the sovereign alternate, in changeless flicker, as it we re, is the spectator, whose gaze transforms the painting into object, the pure representation of that essential absence.27Moreover, Foucault argues that the mirror portrayed in Las Meninas portrays the confrontation between representation and reflexion, being that a painting is different from a mirror and a representation goes beyond a reflexion. Therefore, the painting is a representation for the observer, and in the painting of Velzquez one has the painting itself, and inside it one has other represented paintings and also a canvas in first plan viewed from the back. In all, this painting is a representation that has as subject a kind of empty place that we can fill with several models. Foucault argues that instead of instituting a simple relation of mimesis as the main theme of the painting, the figures of the royal couple would be indicated as a kind of essential emptiness.28According to Foucault, the canvas on the left is the place for a dichotomy between visible/invisible. Wha t the painter looks is doubly invisible, because it is not represented in the painting, and because we cannot see ourselves. The mirror in the back is the only visible representation, but despite that fact, no one looks at it. However, what is there represented, has nothing to do with what the painting presents, it reflects something that is exterior to the painting. In the place occupied by the spectator, are the models of the painter. Therefore, the painting allows to see what is doubly invisible. The characters in the mirror are the less noticed, but it is around them that all the representation happens. It is to them that all the other characters look gazing outwards the painting.29Thus, there are three looks that flirt on the outside of the painting of the model, in the moment he is being painted, of the spectator that contemplates the scene, and of the painter in the moment he paints the painting (the one in front of us, and not the one represented in the painting). Quoting from Foucaults The Order of ThingsOf all the figures represented before us, they the royals are also the most ignored, since no one is remunerative the slightest attention to that reflection in the mirror which has slipped into the room behind them all, silently occupying its unsuspected space in so far as they are visible, they are the frailest and the most distant form of all reality. Inversely, in so far as they stand outside the picture and are therefore withdrawn from it in an essential invisibility, they provide the centre around which the entire representation is ordered it is they who are being faced, it is towards them that everyone is turned . . . from the canvas with its back to us to the Infanta, and from the Infanta to the dwarf playing on the extreme right, there runs a curve . . . that orders the whole arrangement of the picture to their gaze and thus makes apparent the true centre of the composition, to which the Infantas gaze and the image in the mirror are both fi nally subject.30One should note here that Foucaults theory emphasises the interior look it constitutes the interior from the exterior as a device build from the outside to the inside of the webs of power. Las Meninas, in Foucaults interpretation help us see this paradigm. By observing the painting, it is noticeable that the modern subject is constituted by surveillance, by the absent look (but at the same time very present), of a power that determines everything, from the characters clothing, gestures, attention, social position, in sum the ways of feeling and seeing are determined by a power that sees all and controls all. In view of these arguments, Foucault points outIn the profound upheaval of such an archaeological mutation, man appears in his ambiguous position as an object of knowledge and as a subject that knows enslaved sovereign, observed spectator, he appears in the place belonging to the king, which was assigned to him in advance by Las Meninas, but from which his rea l presence has for long been excluded.31On his article Velzquez Las Meninas, Leo Steinberg presents similar arguments to Foucaults, including the viewers of the painting as part of a sphere which the partitioning picture plane cuts in two.32As Steinberg points out, if the picture were speaking instead of flashing, it would be saying I see you seeing me I in you see myself seen see yourself being seen and so on beyond the reaches of the grammar.33What particularly interests me in Foucaults and Steinbergs approaches is the placing of the modern Man (in Foucaults case), and the observer (in Steinbergs case), as pivotal figures in the interpretation of Las Meninas, being that in their approaches the Man/observer holds the power he occupies the place of the royal power.To conclude, when one considers all these different approaches to Las Meninas, one is presented with a composite plant web of power relations. Firstly, the painting was produced in seventeenth-century Spain, a origina l nation-state of Early Modern Europe, and in and with the court of Philip IV the centre of a centralised power structure. Secondly, the painting depicts the royal power interiorly with the portrayal of the Infanta and the King and the Queen in the mirror, and at the same time exteriorly trough the implied presence of the royal couple reflected on the mirror. Thirdly, the painting also portrays all those ruled by the monarchic power, such as the maids of honour, the lady of honour, the guardadamas, the dwarfs, the Aposentador of the Queen, and also the painter. Fourthly, it also depicts Velzquezs proclamation of power by depiction himself in the royal household as a nobleman, and at the same time it celebrates his artistical power. Finally, the painting invisibly portrays the Man/observer that occupies the same place of the royal couple outside the painting, and that this way holds the power both as subject of representation and holder of knowledge. Therefore, one can conclude tha t what Velzquez did indeed paint in Las Meninas was power royal power, artistical power, and intellectual power. The setting and the figures of Las Meninas are merely incorporations of power relations, being the painting on his whole a metaphor of power.

Cardiovascular System in Parabolic Flight and Spaceflights

Cardiovascular System in Parabolic Flight and Spaceflights mankind Spaceflight Alterations of the cardiovascular outline during parabolicalal flights and spaceflightsThe purpose of this research is to identify the changes occurring during parabolic flights and spaceflights, where theres weightlessness. The importance of the cardiovascular system in space, is recognised as well as some of its fundamentals based on past researches. In addition, since parabolic flights are a way of experimenting physiological alterations in the human body, instead of actual spaceflights, the outgrowth needed for the airbus to overstep microgravity conditions is indicated as well. Findings, such as low plasma volume, circulatory jam, central venous closet, stroke volume and in like manner the core appraise of the cardiovascular system are stated from past investigations. Also countermeasures, such as exercise and diet are also briefly discussed.Introduction Microgravity is the phenomena where objects or people experience weightlessness. Astronauts and objects face microgravity in space, where the gravity is very small (micro) and they float (free fall). Even though astronauts are relatively heavy, they can move considerably inside or outside the spacecraft (Wall, 2015). Under microgravity circumstances, the physiology of the cardiovascular system changes and it reacts unlikely relative to the gravity of the Earth leading to body alterations such as restatistical dispersal of argument, cardiac arrhythmia and orthostatic hypotension (Zhu, Wang, and Liu, 2015).These changes may occur pre-flight, in flight or post-flight and they may impact the astronauts health. Moreover these changes can affect either salubrious astronauts or astronauts with past bosom diseases. Due to the environs, the body of the astronaut learns how to adapt beneath the new conditions and works relatively quickly.In order to investigate and discerp the changes of the human physiology, various mi crogravity based researches were conducted, non only by spaceflights barely also by parabolic flights and butt rest studies. Measurements are taken in three stages of the astronauts body, pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight, known as the long duration since astronauts are sent to space missions while these measurements are taken. Although, for more data, investigators managed to create microgravity condition for 20-30 seconds, using parabolic flights, known as the piffling-term duration, which is clearly a cheaper way to collect data. Another way to study the adaptation of human physiology in space is bed rest studies, where volunteers spend up to 2 months in a bed, with their head end at an angle of 6 beneath the horizontal axis. All volunteers eat, exhibitioner and exercise while they are in bed.The cardiovascular systemIn order to analyse the cardiovascular system in space, some fundamentals of the heart should be noted. A healthy cardiovascular system is essential for ast ronauts going to space, since the heart functions differently in microgravity and it is responsible for many main functions of the body. The physiology of the cardiovascular system in space, hence will be altered and this can impact the function of the system. Transporting nutrients (e.g. oxygen O2, food) to the tissues of the body, waste removal (e.g. carbon dioxide CO2, by-products) and controlling heat distribution between the body core and the skin (temperature) are some main function of the cardiovascular system (Evans, 2012). Heart is one of the muscles in our bodies which is constantly in action and it is part of the cardiovascular system. This system also includes arteries, veins and capillaries, all known as blood vessels. Additionally, O2 and CO2 are delivered and collected, respectively, to and from various organs, through blood vessels manage by the heart. Furthermore, the cardiovascular system is responsible for the blood pumped towards the heart, referable to the mu scles of the legs (Evans, 2012).The cardiovascular system in weightlessnessWhen an astronaut is bare in space, the cardiovascular system learns how to function in such an environment. The cardiovascular system changes in microgravity, since the downward force of gravity does not exist anymore, as it existed on Earths environment. Therefore, due to the lack of the gravitational force, blood and body blands are not uniformly distributed in the body, but more importantly in the legs, where all these fluids shift upwards, towards the head, resulting for astronauts to learn puffy faces and less leg circumference (bird legs), as shown in Figure 1. Fluid shift in the body, leads to the increase of the size of the heart, initially, in order to clench the increase of the blood flow. This occurs during the first day of exposure in microgravity. In addition, due to the upward direction of the fluids, astronauts do not feel as thirsty, resulting to the decline of the fluid levels after the first day and the heart shrinks (Lujan, Bartner, and White, 1994).Figure 1 Illustration of fluid shift level. The fluids are distributed uniformly, pre-flight (left), fluids shift, during flight (bird legs and puffy faces)(middle) and post flight, the pressure is lower in the upper body, due to gravity, causing faintness to the human. (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996)Parabolic flights and the cardiovascular system Airbus A300 Zero G is the aircraft used by the French society Novespace for simulation of microgravity through parabolic flights, between 1997 and 2014 as shown in Figure 2. Agencies such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Centre, performed researches using this airbus in the stated period of time, but by 2015 the new Airbus A310 Zero G replaced it.Figure 2 The Airbus A300 ZERO-G as it is flying in an incline of 40 to reach 0g. (Pletser, et al., 2015)These aircrafts, were built for researches due to testing results before or after space missions, by achieving parabolic flights under weightlessness for 20 seconds (Pletser, et al. 2015). More specifically, the airplane from a steady horizontal altitude, pulls up at an angle approximately 40 in a period of 20s, resulting to an acceleration between 1.8 g and 2 g and therefore, the engines start to slow down, which leads to microgravity conditions inside the aircraft as it reaches the peak of the parabola. Finally, the aircraft generates an acceleration of 1.8 g to 2 g, while flying back down with roughly 40 again for 20s and then before returning to its initial steady altitude, repeats the manoeuvre from the beginning, as shown in Figure 3 (ESA, 2004). In addition, parabolic flights can investigate how the cardiovascular system of the human body reacts under 0-g conditions, within this period of time by spending relatively less money than actual spaceflights.Figure 3 This figure illustrates the manoeuvre which the aircraft (thick-black line) follows to generate microgravity condit ions and demonstrates the acceleration and the microgravity level as well. (ESA,2004)Between 2010 and 2012, Novespace undertook an experiment based on the reaction of the cardiovascular system during a parabolic flight, using the Airbus A300 Zero-G. The test presents a short duration of microgravity, where the fluids inside the body are distributed. The heart is pumped with more blood than usual resulting to an increase of the blood pressure in the ventricles of the heart. The stoke volume of the cardiovascular system remained constant but the heart rate decreased by 14 min-1. Furthermore, it was stated that astronauts were in an environment, where the body lacked sufficient oxygen supply, known as hypobaric hypoxia condition (HH) and since the study is under a parabolic flight, the gravity was shifting as well. This kind of environment influenced the cardiovascular system, where the data obtained for the plasma volume showed a decrease mostly due to HH, from -52 ml (hypobaric chamb er) to -115 ml (parabolic flight) (Limper and Gauger ,2014). Another research, compared the data for humans in unerect posture, under normal gravity and microgravity in parabolic flight (0G), which showed an increase in cardiac filling pressure resulting to the diameter of the left atrium to increase by 3.6 mm. At the same time the central venous pressure (CVP) decreased by 1.3 mmHg but the transmural CVP increased by 4.3 mmHg. Finally, as soon as an astronaut returns to Earth, due to the gravity, the blood flow is sign ond and that can cause the astronaut to collapse (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996). These results were obtained by researches, in order to investigate the consequences of the cardiovascular system under weightlessness, by avoiding actual spaceflights, where these changes are only temporarily.The cardiovascular system during spaceflights As soon as astronauts enter space, the fluid levels in the body are not uniformly distributed as they were on Earth, which results to alterations of the cardiovascular system. As it was mentioned in parabolic flights, the astronauts are under hypobaric- hypoxia conditions, meaning that the oxygen saturation decreases (SaO2) and hence the oxygen in the blood. It has been stated that the concentration of O2 in the blood can drop down to 75%, where usually this levels should be more than 80%, but if the astronauts stays in space for longer, this concentration will increase back to 85% (Opatz and Gunga, 2014). Moreover, the mass of the heart decreases during spaceflights and therefore the heart rate is less than that on Earth. In 1996, it was account that the heart rate would increase as the astronaut continuous to be under microgravity circumstances, during a long-term spaceflight (Charles, Frey, and Fritsch-Yelle, 1996). In weightlessness, significant effects were also realised, the cardiac output increased whereas the systolic and diastolic pressure decreased (Hamilton, Sargsyan, and Martin, 2011). Hence, stroke volume is also reduced, due to hypovolemia which is responsible for hypotension and atrophy of the heart (Levine, 1997).Investigators postulate that plasma volume decreases from the first day and it continuous to reduce throughout the whole spaceflight by 17%. This occurs, because of the negative fluid distribution and the fluid movement towards the extravascular space and therefore the orthostatic intolerance (Alfrey, Udden, and Leach- Huntoon, 1996). A study reported by J.C Buckey et al. 1996, studied the central venous pressure (CVP) in space and stated that the CVP increases during the launch and more in the spaceflight. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was also analysed in order to figure out how it is affected by microgravity. Furthermore, it was stated that as astronauts enter space, the LVEDV and therefore the total heart volume increases significantly. While the astronaut is in space, the body adjusts to the environment resulting to the LVEDV to decrease ( Buckey Jr. and Gaffney, 1996)Countermeasures For short duration exposure, effects are less than actual spaceflights where the duration could be more than 6 months. It is really important for astronauts to be healthy during a mission, therefore some actions should be taken in order to counteract these threats of their physiology. It has been reported that somatic stress in weightlessness effects the cardiac arrhythmia (Romanov et al., 1987). The astronauts moldiness exercise and have a healthy diet, before and during the spaceflight, to ensure the appropriate volume for extravehicular action (Hargens, 2009). Also, the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) should be exercised on a regular basis since it increases the plasma volume (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996) and in fact, aerobic exercise keeps the aerobic volume (peak of VO2) constant. For long-term exposure in microgravity, exercising machines, provided in the spacecraft can reduce the consequences of the physiology of the astronaut after returning to Earth. Although, studies have not shown the particular amount and type of exercise, that astronauts should perform, yet (Schneider and Watenpaugh, 2002).Discussion and ConclusionResearches within the last 20 years, examined how the cardiovascular system adapts under microgravity conditions, in order to provide astronauts with a safe working environment and physiology. Astronauts are sent to space to test experiments for the future of science, but their lives shouldnt be at risk. Due to microgravity, several characteristics of the cardiovascular system are affected. The fluids in the body of an astronaut exposed in microgravity, shift head-wards due to the absent gravitational force. Therefore, plasma volume and mean circulatory filling pressure are decreased. Hence, there are effects on the central venous pressure (CVP) and stroke volume, which both are reduced during weightlessness. The heart rate is also declined due to these changes, in order to maintain the a rterial blood pressure and metabolism. many of these parameters can affect significantly the astronauts health and in rare cases may lead to tragedies, since they are long- term flights. Although, when subjects are under investigation in parabolic flights, these changes are only temporarily. Also, countermeasures, such as aerobic exercises and healthy diet, before, during and after the spaceflight are required. These actions may reduce the orthostatic hypotension of astronauts during flights but also as they return back to Earth. More experiments will be conducted in the future, where researchers will have an even better understanding of space environment and the physiology in it.ReferencesAlfrey, C.P., Udden, M.M. and Leach- Huntoon, C. (1996) realize of red blood cell mass in spaceflight, Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(1), pp. 98-104.Buckey Jr., J.C. and Gaffney, F.A. (1996) Central venous pressure in space, Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 81(1), pp. 19-25.Charles, J.B. , Frey, M.A. and Fritsch-Yelle, J.M. (1996) Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary function, Space biology and medicine. Reston (VA) American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautic, , pp. 63-88.ESA (2004) What happens to the human heart in space? accessible at http//www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin119/bul119_chap4.pdf (Accessed 2014).ESA (2015) Bedrest and ground studies. Available at http//www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Research/Bedrest_and_ground_studies (Accessed 30 January 2017).Evans, J.D.W. (2012) Crash course cardiovascular system, 4e (crash Course-UK). 4th edn. Edinburgh Elsevier Health Sciences.Hamilton, D.R., Sargsyan, A.E. and Martin, D.S. (2011) On-orbit prospective echocardiography on International Space Station crew., Echocardiography, 28(5), pp. 491-501.Hargens, A.R. and Richardson, S. (2009) Cardiovascular adaptations, fluid shifts, and countermeasures related to space flight., Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 169, pp. 30-33.Levine, B.D. (1997) Cardiac atrophy after bed-rest deconditioning a nonneural mechanism for orthostatic intolerance, Circulation, 96, pp. 517-525.Limper, U. and Gauger, P. (2014) Interactions of the human cardiopulmonary, hormonal and body fluid systems in parabolic flight, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(6), pp. 1281-1295.Lujan, B.F., Bartner, H. and White, R.J. (1994) Human physiology in space a curriculum supplement for secondary schools. Washington, D.C. National Aeronautics and Space Administration .Opatz, O. and Gunga, H.-C. (2014) Human physiology in extreme environments. San Diego, CA, United States Academic Press.Pletser, V. and et al. (2015) European parabolic flight campaigns with Airbus ZERO-G Looking back at the A300 and looking forward to the A310, Advances in Space Research, 56(5), pp. 1003-1013.Romanov, E.M. and et al. (1987) Results of long-term electrocardiographic examinations of cosmonauts, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 21, pp. 10-14.Schneider, S.M. and Watenpaugh, D.E. (200 2) Lower-body negative-pressure exercise and bed-rest-mediated orthostatic intolerance, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, pp. 1446-1453.Shelhamer, M. (1996) Parabolic flight as a spaceflight analog, Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(12), pp. 1442-8.Wall, J. (2015) What is Microgravity? Available at https//www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-microgravity-58.html (Accessed 30 January 2017).Watenpaugh, D.E. and Hargens, A.R. (1996) The cardiovascular system in microgravity, Handbook oh physiology Environmental physiology, , pp. 631-674. Zhu, H., Wang, H. and Liu, Z. (2015) Effects of real and simulated weightlessness on the cardiac and peripheral vascular functions of humans A review., International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 28(5), pp. 793-802.

History and Development of Robotics Essay -- Robotics Robot

RoboticsABSTRACTThis paper discusses three aspects of the field of robotics The first is the history of where the ideas of robotics originated. Second, what was the effect that these ideas had on connection? Finally, what developments in the field maintain proved to be useful to society?INTRODUCTIONKlatuu verita nicto These be the words spoken to turn away the robot that would abrogate the earth in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still. Hollywood has portrayed the robot as both a friend and an enemy. In many instances, such as in The Day the Earth Stood Still, they can be controlled, unless if one gets loose it will cause great destruction. In the Star Wars trilogy their are three robotic characters that play large roles. Two of the robots, C3PO and R2D2, are friendly and harmless. They are both on the side of good. However, they are contrasted by Darth Vader, who being partially man, but mostly robot, is portrayed as the antagonist of all that is good. Not only Hollywood, bu t also science fiction literature has helped to produce certain expectations concerning what a robot should look like and how it should act. The result of these expectations has not always been good for the field of robotics.Some would say the take in charge to make a robot is an attempt to play god and to recreate man. Others would argue that robots might become so intelligent that they would take over and replace humans. There is no better example of this than the movie Terminator, which begins with a world ruled by machines who are trying to kill the remaining human population. The actual field of robotics however, has produced many products which we take for granted. The clock is a domicile item that was developed in the beginning stages of machine ... ...ics and we have only begun to see what they are. Precautions must be taken for the future, but the developments already made have produced great benefit and far outweigh any fearful expectations about the dangers of robotics .1. Bonnett, Kendra, and Gene Oldfield. Everyone Can Build a Robot. impertinent York Simon & Schuster, Inc, 1984. p 2.2. Asimov, Isaac, and Karen A. Frankel. ROBOTS Machines in Mans Image. New York Harmony Books, 1985. p 2.3. Ibid. p 4.4. Ibid. p 1 - 2.5. Ibid. p 1 - 2.6. Aleksander, Igor, and Piers Burnett. REINVENTING MAN The Robot Becomes Reality. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983. p 25.7. Asimov and Frankel, p 12.8. Ibid. p 19.9. Aleksander and Burnett, p 19 - 20.10.10. Ibid. p 19 - 20.11. httpwww.kipr.org12. Ibid.13. http//mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/rovercom/rovintrot.html14. Ibid.

Amputation and Surgery in the 19th Century :: Victorian Era

Amputation and Surgery in the 19th CenturySurgery and AmputationDuring this period a deep decoct could lead to infection, and the only treatment for infections was amputation and cauterization. However, hospitals and checkup instruments were hardly if ever sanitized, so one could often come out of the hospital worse than when one went in (Bloodwiki). It was non uncommon for a somebody to survive a cognitive process only to be set upon by diseases such as hospital gangrene and septicaemia (Youngson 29). Youngson describes hospitals as dark and overcrowded, ill-run and insanitary. It was not uncommon to see in the same ward, at the same time, cases of, (let us say) typhoid fever, erysipelas, pneumonia, rickets, dysentery nor was it uncommon to see two patients in the same bed (Youngson 24). anaesthesia was not employ in surgeries until 1846, so prior to that the patient was completely conscious when they operated on him or her, unless the patient passed out from pain. Patients we re uneager to be cut into while they were awake Dragged unwillingly or carried from the ward to the operating theatre by a couple of hospital attendants (in Edinburgh a large wicker basker was used for this purpose) the patient was laid on the operating table and if necessary strapped down (Youngson 27). The tools used in surgeries can be seen here.AnestheticsAnesthetics were not used in surgery until October 16, 1846, in Massachusetts General Hospital (Youngson 51). The anesthesia was a inhaled gas known as ether. In 1847 a doctor by the name of crowd together Simpson popularized chloroform as an alternative to ether. According to Simpson chloroform could do more with less, act faster and last longer than ether, is more pleasing to the senses than ether, and is cheaper (qtd. in Youngson 70). anesthetize also did not need an inhaling device like ether did it could be placed on a piece of cloth and work just as well (Youngson 70).AntisepticsOne of the leading surgeons of the time w as also the first surgeon to use antiseptics in surgery. Joseph Lister believed that infections were a result of bacteria. He used non-homogeneous methods to fight the bacteria, constantly changing his methods over the years. He even went so far as to use vaporizing sprays in the surgery areas (Connor). His original method, developed in March of 1847, to keep a wound sterilized was to use carbolic acid to clean a wound, and then apply a piece of lint, soaked in the acid, as a dressing, cover by a slightly larger piece of thin tin or sheet lead in order to prevent evaporation of the acid.

Antigone as a Tragic Hero Essay -- essays research papers

Antigone as a tragic heroThe debate over who is the tragic hero in Antigone is unanswered. The belief that Antigone is the hero is a exhaust hood one. Antigone is widely thought of as the tragic hero of the play bearing her name. She would seem to fit the part in light of the fact that she dies for doing what she believes is right. She buries her brother without anguish what might happen to her. Unlike Antigone, Ismene says And break the law, our death will be more shameful even then theirs (pg.5 line 60).In Sophocles Antigone, the characters show a variety of traits. However, Antigones life of aspiration, family of noble rank, and display of good mentality portray her as the tragic hero of the story. A tragic hero has haughty, opulence, and perfunctory. A tragic hero must include thre...