Reform Model for Prisoners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reform Model for Prisoners - Essay Example The judgment of effecting punishment as an alternative approach to reform prison inmates does not entirely help them become non-violent members of the society. Gilligan emphasizes on an overwhelming weight of empirical evidence that punishment in prison is the most potent stimulus or cause of violence contrary to the widespread belief to its adherence. With the current condition of our state prisons where inmates are crammed into tiny prison cells and brutal solitary confinements allows more room for violence in order to protect oneself from the onslaught of further invasion of privacy. Typical hatred of inmates is shown on our retributive type of justice when Bedau cited that "it is applied randomly at best and discriminatorily at worst upon those whose offenders who are people of color, poor and uneducated". Brutal punishments and solitary confinements imparts to the inmates that human life does not deserve an iota of respect thus punishment is legitimate. He further added "that threat of severe punishment cannot deter criminals especially ones who are in the drug trade". Gilligan for his part promotes "the successful re-entry of prisoner into society as productive people as a positive tool for their transformation". Support coming from the community itself by shunning the social stigma and stereotype attached to former prisoners erases the chance of evoking anger and trauma. Education according to him is the key to prevent or at least reduce the incidence of crimes by providing tools needed to acquire knowledge and skills, self-esteem and respect for others. Almaraz supports the reform model as an effective implementation tool that is best supported by the government and communities. He believes in a reform model which consists of programs such as college degree courses, therapy and job training opportunities for inmates while in jail. Although such pro-life activities require a costly maintenance the possibility of learning through one's own mistakes may create a morally subservient person. We cannot dismiss the fact that violence is perpetrated by violators and violators begets violence; hatred begets hate and thus allowing hatred while in the process of reform mentally implies that the negative attitude is a form of life. Mexico, heavily relies on the reform model and promotes the efficient scientific principle of the "positive" school by expanding treatment to low risk offenders and attempts at separating the violent prisoners form the non-violent ones. Viable education and behavioral modification and treatment programs are made available to prisoners who are willing to commit to reform. Drug and alcohol abuse rehabilitation serves to lessen the chances for recidivism. Summary and Conclusion In support of the reform model of effecting a desirable change for the inmates especially among first time offenders, the Jacksonian theory of absolute and brutal distinction should be discarded. Prisoners have not repudiated their membership in the community thus temporary exclusion does not require branding with harsh treatment to accomplish moral and political correctness. The prosecution and persecution of

An acceptable defense Essay Example for Free

An acceptable defense Essay Insanity: Insanity defense has been considered by many as a â€Å"loophole† in the law allowing a number of guilty people to be set free. However, this so-called â€Å"loophole† does rarely set people free of criminal charges. Moreover, most of the cases involving insanity defense are murder cases. Many scholars, judges, attorneys and clinicians are said to be divided concerning the definition of insanity. In reality, though, it is not possible for them to be truly divided concerning the definition of insanity seeing that clinicians today have modernized means of determining a person’s mental state by means of psychological testing and interviews. What is more, psychologists are aware that there are neurological processes affecting a person’s mental state. Hence, brain scans can easily be used to understand the physiological condition of an individual charged with murder. Even the history of insanity will be made available through such brain scans, seeing that there is a genuine difference between the neurological processes of people showing abnormal and normal behavior. Therefore, scholars, judges, and attorneys must know that their understanding of the definition of insanity is irrelevant if clinicians are available with scientific evidence of insanity of an individual charged with murder. Given that psychological testing too is scientific, there should be no â€Å"loophole† whatsoever in this area. As a matter of fact, insanity is an acceptable defense. Eric Michael Clark shot a police officer to death because he was suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and believed that aliens were stalking him. According to the law of Arizona concerning insanity defense, the man had to prove with â€Å"clear and convincing† evidence that he was too mentally ill to know that he was wrong to murder an innocent police offer. The Supreme Court got involved in Clark’s case. Fortunately, the man was backed by the American Psychiatric Association in addition to the American Psychological Association – two entities based on true scientific principles. Most states of America have differing laws regarding insanity defense. Now with the support of both the American Psychiatric Association as well as the American Psychological Association – who believe in helping out mentally ill individuals that have been charged with murder although their mental health is not in their control – it is hoped that the states of America will work on a single law on insanity defense in order to make the â€Å"loophole† in the law completely vanish. This single law would also make insanity defense cases more straightforward than before. After all, abnormal psychology is a science which has made it clear that there is an illness called paranoid schizophrenia, and there are many people suffering from illusions, delusions, and hallucinations. To doubt that these people are ill is, in fact, insanity as well as a sin. This is because we will be depriving of treatment a lot of mentally ill folks if we do not even believe that they are mentally ill. And, what if these people enter jails to commit more murders? What if they kill themselves in prison after they have been unlawfully charged with crime? Whose responsibility would that be? In point of fact, mentally ill people require immediate healing instead of punishment. Besides, putting them through court trials may be worsening their mental condition. Many people who oppose the insanity defense have assumed that mental illness is a myth, and that those who label others as mentally ill are actually imposing violence and control on people. Thomas Ssasz argued that psychologists and psychiatrists use such labels only to make political and ethical decisions. It can be argued, however, that people who are unaware of the scientific basis of abnormal behavior are ignorant at best. Such people are the reason why books on the history of abnormal psychology claim that in the olden times people killed numerous mentally ill people simply because they were mentally ill. There was no treatment for such people, and nobody cared enough to stand for their right to be treated. Slowly but surely, future generations began to believe in the reality of mental illness. ‘Humane treatment’ of the mentally ill was suggested as a cure. Today, however, we are abusing the principles of ‘humane treatment’ by putting the mentally ill people through prolonged court trials. It would be best, therefore, for society to acknowledge that first of all, psychology is a science just as much as biology; and psychologists and psychiatrists are qualified to determine the mental condition of an individual. If, in fact, mental illness were a myth, the Supreme Court and everybody else involved in insanity defense trials would have worked on also closing down mental hospitals as well as the clinics of the well-educated psychologists and psychiatrists, who happen to know their science more than lawmakers would ever be expected to understand psychology. The fact that the government has not closed down psychiatric clinics and mental hospitals shows that society at large does instinctively believe in the reality of mental illness and realizes how painful it can be. Hence, it is utterly useless to argue against the insanity defense. Bibliography Lane, Charles. â€Å"Supreme Court to Review Insanity Defense. † Washington Post. April 20, 2006. â€Å"The Insanity Defense,† Cyber Essays, http://www. cyberessays. com/Politics/126. htm, Accessed 4 May 2007. â€Å"The Insanity Goes On,† Crime Library (2007), http://www. crimelibrary. com/criminal_mind/psychology/insanity/11. html, Accessed 4 May 2007.

Feudalsim :: European Europe History

Feudalsim During the Middle Ages, countries fought and argued for land and pride. The main goal of the leaders of these countries was global domination. With several countries fighting for one cause, there was no chance they would resolve their differences peacefully, often leading to wars and conflicts. Feudalism was the staple of European government. Although it served medieval statesmen well, the social structure was incredibly unbalanced, which was the main reason for its downfall. The creation of this form of government is believed by scientists to have been back in the ninth century, A... the institutions of feudalism gained accelerated organization in the ninth century ...@ (Bunsen 179). This states that the most influential countries and regions began to form during this time. AIts origins, however, were traced to the break up of centralization of the Roman Empire ...@ (Bunsen 179). This means that even before the feudal provinces began to develop, evidence of feudal societies was being thought up. When the Roman empire fell, it left many wealthy landowners spread throughout the European landscape. For every wealthy landowner there were many poorer, less prominent ex-roman citizens. AThey decided therefore to commend themselves to landlords, surrendering to a lord in return for safety and the right to farm the properties@ (Bunsen 179). This was the beginning of the feudal nations. Other provinces would evolve, but for the most part these were the more prominent countries. The children of the men who owned the land would inherit the land as well as any other property owned by their fathers. This tradition kept rich people rich and poor people poor. People who exchanged their land for protection were shielded from opposing enemies by knights, infantrymen and horsemen. "The vassal rendered to his lord certain services in addition to supplying his quota of armed knights " (Bishop 110). The primary defense for a lord was his knight. AThe knights formed the core of the lord=s household; many of them lived permanently within the castle walls and were fed and housed by him@ (Barbara 269). Knights that were given homage by their lords did not really need any land but were still paid in fiefs, which were stretches of land paid to whomever. AThese household knights did not need a grant of land on which to live, though they often received it all the same@ (Barbara 269). This showed the favoritism the lords and kings felt and expressed to upper class citizens.

Outsourcing Essay

†¢ Question 1: Is the accounting policy proposed by OSI to defer costs associated with the origination of the agreement an appropriate policy? What advice would you give OSI regarding its policy election? Accounting policy proposed by OSI to defer costs is an appropriate policy. Cost should be deferred if they create or add value to an asset. In FASB Concept Statement No. 6, Par 25 states asset as â€Å"probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events.† In the case of Outsourcing, management believes all up-front cost incurred are a necessary investment and will generate substantial profits through call revenue, therefore we could say the costs associated with the contract are part of revenue generating arrangement. This arrangement could be consider as an asset because revenue (Set-up and Call revenue) provides a future economic benefit, and this arrangement is controlled by Outsourcing Services, Inc. †¢ Question 2: If the accounting policy to defer costs is appropriate, what costs, if any, would be eligible? Any cost directly relate to the revenue arrangement are considered eligible for deferral. SAB Topic 13Af provide descriptions of cost that are eligible for deferral. Eligible cost are in the case of Outsourcing are: a) $1,500,000 Direct costs to a third party to configure OSI – The direct cost is incremental direct cost incurred with third parties. (FAS-91 or ASC 605-20-25-4) b) $250,000 Sales Commission – allow deferring the cost under FTB 90-1 because it is associated with the contract. c) $50,000 corporate cost – corporate personnel dedicated to contract negotiation is direct loan origination costs, these cost are eligible for deferral under FASB Statement No. 91 or ASC 310-20-25-2. †¢ Question 3: If there are costs for which deferral is appropriate, what is the appropriate period over which to defer these costs Utilizing matching principle: recognize deferred cost at the same time as related revenue is recognized. In the case of Outsourcing, they will recognize revenue over the estimated customer life, therefore the costs listed in question 2 are deferred and expensed over the period of 4.3 years. Both SAB Topic 13Af, question 4 and SC 605-20-25-4 state â€Å"acquisition of that contract (incremental direct acquisition costs) shall be deferred and charged to expense in proportion to the revenue recognized†.

Incomplete related Literature Essay

According to Aquino (2005), importance of computer application is increasing day by day. Nowadays we can’t stop the innovation, technology help us from living. â€Å"Lacks of enrollment system in schools can lead to chaos ant troubles† as stated by Ace Adrian (2011). Students will be confused on what they should do to be able to enroll that is why such systems is extremely useful in the way that it retrieving vital information of the students. Without it can lead difficulty both the administration of school and student in enrollment processes. Many countries nowadays, especially the developing nations are challenged by the rapid technological changes. This has radically changed the living and working styles of the entire society. This transformation has been driven partly by rapid technological innovation. In the 20th century saw the rise of the industrial revolution with steam-powered machines intensifying and expanding human productive power, the 21st century was characterized by the birth of machine-powered flight and the human creativity even more made possible new ways by which humans could live and work together( Victoria L. Tinio, 2002) . Transformation of manual enrollment to a automated and now into web based automation is one example of what has driven partly by rapid technological innovation. Technology innovation had influenced man’s work from data processing, business transaction, research planning and monitoring. Web applications are popular due to ubiquity of its application. Significant advantage of building a web application to support a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as specified, regardless of the operating system installed on a given client (Bacala & Reanno, 2009). A web- bases enrollment system has featured that meet most of academic institution system’s needs and requirements. This includes standardized modules for students registration, enrollment, grade management and payment that are necessary to operate a school.

Economic development of Turkey from 1914 to 2013 Essay Example

Economic development of Turkey from 1914 to 2013 Essay Example Economic development of Turkey from 1914 to 2013 Essay Economic development of Turkey from 1914 to 2013 Essay Economic development of Turkey from 1914 to 2013 BY psy1001 Economic Development of Turkey From 1914 to 2013 The movement of Turkish economy in twentieth century was influenced by large number of historical, political and economic events. Externally, Turkish economy was influenced by large events such as World War 1. , Economic depression, and World war II. Internally, Turkish economy was influenced by changes in economical policy(Altug et al. , 2006). The changes in economical policy can be divided in the four major period. On the period of liberal economic regime from 1923 to 1929. The period of state accumulation which lasted from 1929 to 1945. The period of state guided by industrialization which lasted from 1950 to 1980. The period of liberal trade of goods, services and financial transaction which started in 1980. (Prof. Dr. M?kerrem et al. , 2009). The Turkey as a modern state aroused from the collapse of Ottoman Empire in 1923. World War I and its impact has a very harsh effects on the Turkish economy. Just in the period from 1914 to 1924 population of the areas comprising present day Turkey declined by 18 percent. Neverthless, during the liberalization of arket Turkey had slow growth rate from 1920 to 1929. With that pace Turkey reached a pre-war level of GDP Just in 1929. (Altug et al. , 2006). In 1929 Economic depression cast a shadow on classical laissez-faire economy which asserted that economy will automatically achieve full employment without any type of state intervention. (Prof. Dr. M?kerrem et al. , 2009, p. 5-6). As a response to that event almost all high official of that time such as president Atat?rk, prime minister in? ¶n?, and secretary general Recep Peker, decided to accepted Etatism. Etatism means that rom then onward Turkishm goverment had decided to have more control over economic and social politicy. Concerning that the Turkey was relativly new republic turkish government was sensitive toward any form of reactionism or religious extremism. In other words to secure stability, Turkish government wanted to find a middle way between socialism and capitalism. (Prof. Dr. M?kerrem et al. , 2009, p. 7). During the pure liberal faze from 1923 to 1930 the yearly average growth rate was 9. 12%. In the period of great depression 1930-35 Turkey still succeded to have small growth rate of 2. 4%. In the period of Etatism the rate was 7. 08% (Prof. Dr. M?kerrem et al. , 2009, p. 9-10). Etatist regime bring first industrialization phase in the hitherto predominately agricultural country. This enble Turkey to have steady growth rate until the beggining of the World War II. Even the Turkey officialy engaged in WWII just in the last two months and did not directly suffer from war destruction, it still have significantly higher expenditures for army. Also, in the period of WWII foreging trade drasticaly decreased. Both elements in the period of 1939 to 1945 produced an ecover. The average yearly growth rate was 11% (Prof. Dr. M?kerrem et al. , 2009, p. 14). In 1950 the newly elected Democrat Party started agriculturale reforms. This reforms were argubaly the most important in the course of Republican History. Reforms included increase in arable lands together with the mechanization of agriculture(Altug et al. , 2006). The succes of agricultural reforms are evident from the statistics which show rapid increase in agricultural output (Altug et al. , 2006, p. 6) (Turkish Statistical Institute). Even the new regime which look at private investment nd production as a basis of development, economy had still preserved intensive government inteverntions both at macro and micro levels. Also, the policy included intensive protection in foreign trade. This policy have a negative effects on private enterptise, and investment which were still inadequate to achieve satisfactory growth rate (Prof. Dr. M?kerrem et al. , 2009, p. 20). From 1950 to 1959 nominal GDP increased for 66. 11%. On the other hand, inflation in that period increased for 94. 1%, and population increased for 26. 1%. All this produced decline in real GDP per capita. Even reform proved to be successful in the first four years with an average yearly per capita GNP growth rate of 8. 9% and inflation of only 2. %, contrary, the period from 1955-1959 was catastrophic. To precise, the yearly average per capita GNP growth rate was 1. 2% and yearly average price rise to 13. 9%. (Prof. Dr. M?kerrem et al. , 2009, p. 20). In 1960 due to the harsh economic situation on May 27th, had the first coup d? ©tat, which led to change in the government and constitution. Also the hard economical situation forced Turkey t o find new credit through the IMF. To get loan from IMF Turkey had to accept IMF mesaures and guidlines. The general mesaures were devaluation of Turkish lira and austerity mesaures. This mesaures were designet to decrease domestic demand for foriegn goods and consequently reduce turkish deficit. Nevertheless, government spending were from decade to decade higher, and till 1980 external debt climbed to US$16. 2 billion. In 1980, Turkish economy experienced a large liberalization reform. ?–zals reform program included a reduced state role in the economy, a realistic exchange rate and realistic monetary olicies, cutbacks on subsidies and price controls, and encouragement of exports and foreign direct investment (Monabay). With thiese policies Ozal wanted to change Turkish economy from import-substituting to export led-growth economy. From 1980 to 1990 GDP per capita increased from USD$1 567 to USD$2 791(world sank). From 1980 to 1984 economy have a downturn, and 1984 GDP per capita was Just USD$1246. From 1985 to 1991 average grow was 9. 9%. The highest growth occured from 1989 USD$2019to 1990 USD$2791. The 1990 grow rate was 27. 6%. From 1991 to 1993 GDP per capita increased. In 1991 GDP per capita was USD$2751, 1992 USD$2850, and in 1993 USD$3180. In 1994 during the economic crisis GDP per capita dramaticaly decreased to USD$2268. From 1995 to 2000 GDP increased each year. Approximate growth rate for that period is 6. 6%. GDP per capita incresed from 1994 USD$2268 to 1998 USD$ 4392. GDP per capita decreased from 1999 USD$ 4392 to 2001 USD$ 3058 (World Bank). In the begining of 20th century Turkish economy achived major expansion. GDP per capita increased from 2003 USD$ 4595 to 2012 USD$10. 666 (World Bank). Average growth rate for that period is 5. 69%. As regards developed ountries Turkey is today one of the fastest growing economies. From 2002 onward major structural reforms has integrated Turkish economy into the globalized world. BIBLIOGRAPHY Prof. Dr. M?kerrem with Asst. Prof. Dr. Aysen Gencer (2009) Turkish Economy and Politics 1923 to 2002, from beykent. edu. tr/docs/mkrrm2. pdf? phpMYAdmtn=26b1 ab37aa748d52c4747d623bec741 b Mongabay, from mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/turkey/ ECONOMY. html Sumru Altug, Alpay Filiztekin, and #vket Pamuk (October 6, 2006) Sources of Long- Term Economic Growth for Turkey, from http://dev3. epr. org/meets/wkcn/111658/ papers/altug. df Turkish Statistical Institute from turkstat. gov. tr/PreTablo. do? alt_id=1045 World Bank, from http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD? page=6 http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD? page=5 http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD? page=4 http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD? page=3 http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD? page=2 http://data. worldbank . org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD? page=1 http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD

The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium)

The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium) Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is one of the most important and earliest domesticated non-food crops in the world. Used primarily for its fiber, cotton was domesticated independently in both the Old and New Worlds. The word cotton originated from the Arabic term al qutn, which became in Spanish algodà ³n and cotton in English. Key Takeaways: Domestication of Cotton Cotton is one of the earliest domesticated non-food crops, independently domesticated at least four different times in four different parts of the world.  The first cotton domesticate was from the wild tree form in Pakistan or Madagascar at least 6,000 years ago; the next oldest was domesticated in Mexico about 5,000 years ago.  Cotton processing, taking the cotton bolls and making them into fibers, is a global technique; spinning those fibers into strings for weaving was anciently accomplished by the use of spindle whorls in the New World and spinning wheels in the Old World.   Nearly all the cotton produced in the world today is the New World species Gossypium hirsutum, but before the 19th century, several species were grown on different continents. The four domesticated Gossypium species of the Malvaceae family are G. arboreum L., domesticated in the Indus Valley of Pakistan and India; G. herbaceum L. from Arabia and Syria; G. hirsutum from Mesoamerica; and G. barbadense from South America. All four domestic species and their wild relatives are shrubs or small trees which are traditionally grown as summer crops; domesticated versions are highly drought- and salt-tolerant crops that grow well in marginal, arid environments. Old World cotton has short, coarse, weak fibers that are today primarily used for stuffing and quilt making; New World cotton has higher production demands but provides longer and stronger fibers and higher yields. Making Cotton Wild cotton is photo-period sensitivein other words, the plant begins to germinate when the day length reaches a certain point. Wild cotton plants are perennial and their form is sprawling. Domestic versions are short, compact annual shrubs which do not respond to changes in day lengththats an advantage if the plant grows in places with cool winters because both wild and domestic kinds of cotton are frost-intolerant. Cotton fruits are capsules or bolls which contain several seeds covered by two kinds of fiber: short ones called fuzz and long ones called lint. Only the lint fibers are useful for making textiles, and the domestic plants have larger seeds covered with comparatively abundant lint. Cotton is traditionally harvested by hand, and then the cotton is ginnedprocessed to separate the seeds from the fiber. After the ginning process, the cotton fibers are batted with a wooden bow to make them more flexible and carded with a hand comb to separate the fibers before spinning. Spinning twists the individual fibers into a yarn, which can be completed by hand with a spindle and spindle whorl (in the New World) or with a spinning wheel (developed in the Old World). Old World Cotton Cotton was first domesticated in the Old World about 7,000 years ago; the earliest archaeological evidence for cotton use is from the Neolithic occupation of Mehrgarh, in the Kachi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan, in the sixth millennium BC. Cultivation of G. arboreum began in the Indus Valley of India and Pakistan, and then eventually spread over Africa and Asia, whereas G. herbaceum was first cultivated in Arabia and Syria. The two main species, G. arboreum and G. herbaceum, are genetically very different and probably diverged well before domestication. Specialists agree that the wild progenitor of G. herbaceum was an African species, whereas the ancestor of G. arboreum is still unknown. Regions of the possible origin of the G. arboreum wild progenitor are likely Madagascar or the Indus Valley, where the most ancient evidence for cultivated cotton has been found. Gossypium arboreum Abundant archaeological evidence exists for the initial domestication and use of G. arboreum, by the Harappan (aka Indus Valley) civilization in Pakistan. Mehrgarh, the earliest agricultural village in the Indus Valley, holds multiple lines of evidence of cotton seeds and fibers beginning about 6000 BP. At Mohenjo-Daro, fragments of cloth and cotton textiles have been dated to the fourth millennium BCE, and archaeologists agree that most of the trade that made the city grow was based on cotton exportation. Raw material and finished cloth were exported from South Asia into Dhuweila in eastern Jordan by 6450–5000 years ago, and to Maikop (Majkop or Maykop) in the northern Caucasus by 6000 BP. Cotton fabric has been found at Nimrud in Iraq (8th–7th centuries BCE), Arjan in Iran (late 7th–early 6th centuries BCE) and Kerameikos in Greece (5th century BCE). According to Assyrian records of Sennacherib (705–681 BCE), cotton was grown in the royal botanical gardens at Nineveh, but cool winters there would have made large-scale production impossible. Because G. arboreum is a tropical and subtropical plant, cotton agriculture did not spread outside the Indian subcontinent until thousands of years after its domestication. Cotton cultivation is first seen in the Persian Gulf at Qalat al-Bahrain (ca 600–400 BCE), and in North Africa at Qasr Ibrim, Kellis and al-Zerqa between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. Recent investigations at Karatepe in Uzbekistan have found cotton production dated between ca. 300–500 CE. G. arboreum is thought to have been introduced into China as an ornamental plant about 1,000 years ago. Cotton may have been grown in the Xinjiang (China) province cities of Turfan and Khotan by the 8th century CE. Cotton was finally adapted to grow in more temperate climates by the Islamic Agricultural Revolution, and between 900–1000 CE, a boom in cotton production spread into Persia, Southwest Asia, North Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. Gossypium herbaceum G. herbaceum is much less well-known than G. arboreum. Traditionally it is known to grow in African open forests and grasslands. Characteristics of its wild species are a taller plant, compared to the domesticated shrubs, smaller fruit, and thicker seed coats. Unfortunately, no clear domesticated remains of G. herbaceum have been recovered from archaeological contexts. However, the distribution of its closest wild progenitor suggests a northward distribution toward North Africa, and the Near East. New World Cotton Among the American species, G. hirsutum was apparently cultivated first in Mexico, and G. barbadense later in Peru. However, a minority of researchers believe, alternatively, that the earliest type of cotton was introduced into Mesoamerica as an already domesticated form of G. barbadense from coastal Ecuador and Peru. Whichever story ends up to be correct, cotton was one of the first non-food plants domesticated by the prehistoric inhabitants of the Americas. In the Central Andes, especially in the north and central coasts of Peru, cotton was part of a fishing economy and a marine-based lifestyle. People used cotton to make fishing nets and other textiles. Cotton remains have been recovered in many sites on the coast especially in residential middens. Gossypium hirsutum (Upland cotton) The oldest evidence of Gossypium hirsutum in Mesoamerica comes from the Tehuacan valley and has been dated between 3400 and 2300 BCE. In different caves of the region, archaeologists affiliated to the project of Richard MacNeish found remains of fully domesticated examples of this cotton. Recent studies have compared bolls and cotton seeds retrieved from excavations in Guila Naquitz Cave, Oaxaca, with living examples of wild and cultivated G. hirsutum punctatum growing along the east coast of Mexico. Additional genetic studies (Coppens dEeckenbrugge and Lacape 2014) support the earlier results, indicating that G. hirsutum was likely originally domesticated in the Yucatn Peninsula. Another possible center of domestication for G. hirsutum is the Caribbean. In different eras and among different Mesoamerican cultures, cotton was a highly demanded good and a precious exchange item. Maya and Aztec merchants traded cotton for other luxury items, and nobles adorned themselves with woven and dyed mantles of the precious material. Aztec kings often offered cotton products to noble visitors as gifts and to army leaders as payment. Gossypium barbadense (Pima cotton) G. barbadense cultivars are known for their production of high-quality fiber and called variously Pima, Egyptian, or Sea Island cotton. The first clear evidence of domesticated Pima cotton comes from the Ancà ³n-Chillà ³n area of the central coast of Peru. The sites in this area show the domestication process began during the Preceramic period, beginning about 2500 BCE. By 1000 BCE the size and shape of Peruvian cotton bolls were indistinguishable from todays modern cultivars of G. barbadense. Cotton production began on the coasts, but eventually moved inland, facilitated by the construction of canal irrigation. By the Initial Period, sites such as Huaca Prieta contained domestic cotton 1,500 to 1,000 years before pottery and maize cultivation. Unlike in the old world, cotton in Peru was initially part of subsistence practices, used for fishing and hunting nets, as well as textiles, clothing and storage bags. Sources Bouchaud, Charlà ¨ne, Margareta Tengberg, and Patricia Dal Pr. Cotton Cultivation and Textile Production in the Arabian Peninsula During Antiquity; the Evidence from Madà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢in Sà ¢lih (Saudi Arabia) and Qal’at Al-Bahrain (Bahrain). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20.5 (2011): 405–17. Print.Brite, Elizabeth Baker, and John M. Marston. Environmental Change, Agricultural Innovation, and the Spread of Cotton Agriculture in the Old World. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32.1 (2013): 39–53. Print.Coppens dEeckenbrugge, Geo, and Jean–Marc Lacape. Distribution and Differentiation of Wild, Feral, and Cultivated Populations of Perennial Upland Cotton ( PLoS ONE 9.9 (2014): e107458. Print.Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean.Du, Xiongming, et al. Resequencing of 243 Diploid Cotton Accessions Based on an Updated a Genome Identifies the Genetic Basis of Key Agronomic Traits. Nature Genetics 50.6 (2018): 796–802. Print.Mou lherat, Christophe, et al. First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead. Journal of Archaeological Science 29.12 (2002): 1393–401. Print. Nixon, Sam, Mary Murray, and Dorian Fuller. Plant Use at an Early Islamic Merchant Town in the West African Sahel: The Archaeobotany of Essouk–Tadmakka (Mali). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20.3 (2011): 223–39. Print.Reddy, Umesh K., et al. Genome-Wide Divergence, Haplotype Distribution and Population Demographic Histories for Gossypium Hirsutum and Gossypium Barbadense as Revealed by Genome–Anchored SNPs. Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 41285. Print.Renny–Byfield, Simon, et al. Independent Domestication of Two Old World Cotton Species. Genome Biology and Evolution 8.6 (2016): 1940–47. Print.Wang, Maojun, et al. Asymmetric Subgenome Selection and Cis-Regulatory Divergence During Cotton Domestication. Nature Genetics 49 (2017): 579. Print.Zhang, Shu–Wen, et al. Mapping of Fiber Quality Qtls Reveals Useful Variation and Footprints of Cotton Domestication Using Introgression Lines. Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 31954. Print. Updated by K. Kris Hirst

Economic Deflation and How to Prevent It

Economic Deflation and How to Prevent It Is the problem that there is more to printing money than printing money? Is, in fact, the way printed money gets into circulation, that the Fed buys bonds, and thus gets money into the economy? What is the logical rabbit trail that leads to inflation from printing money? Would solving deflation this way work with todays low-interest rates? Why or why not? Deflation has been a hot topic since about 2001 and the fear of deflation does not look like it will subside anytime soon. What Is Deflation? This article on why money has value explains that inflation occurs when money becomes relatively less valuable than goods. Then deflation is simply the opposite, that over time money is becoming relatively more valuable than the other goods in the economy. Following the logic of that article, deflation can occur because of a combination of four factors: The supply of money goes down.The supply of other goods goes up.Demand for money goes up.Demand for other goods goes down. Before we decide that the Fed should increase the money supply, we have to determine how much of a problem deflation really is and how the Fed can influence the money supply. First, well look at the problems caused by deflation. Most economists agree that deflation is both a disease and a symptom of other problems in the economy. In Deflation: The Good, The Bad and the Ugly, Don Luskin at Capitalism Magazine examines James Paulsens differentiation of good deflation and bad deflation. Paulsens definitions are clearly looking at deflation as a symptom of other changes in the economy. He describes good deflation as occurring when businesses are able to constantly produce goods at lower and lower prices due to cost-cutting initiatives and efficiency gains. This is simply factor 2 The supply of other goods goes up on our list of the four factors which cause deflation. Paulsen refers to this as good deflation since it allows GDP growth to remain strong, profit growth to surge and unemployment to fall without inflationary consequence. Bad deflation is a more difficult concept to define. Paulsen simply states that bad deflation has emerged because even though selling price inflation is still trending lower, corporations can no longer keep up with cost reductions and/or efficiency gains. Both Luskin and I have difficulty with that answer, as it seems like half an explanation. Luskin concludes that bad deflation is actually caused by the revaluation of a countrys monetary unit of account by that countrys central bank. In essence, this is really factor 1 The supply of money goes down from our list. So bad deflation is caused by a relative decline in the money supply and good deflation is caused by a relative increase in the supply of goods. These definitions are inherently flawed because deflation is caused by relative changes. If the supply of goods in a year increases by 10% and the supply of money in that year increases by 3% causing deflation, is this good deflation or bad deflation? Since the supply of goods has increased, we have good deflation, but since the central bank hasnt increased the money supply fast enough we should also have bad deflation. Asking whether goods or money caused deflation is like asking When you clap your hands, is the left hand or the right hand responsible for the sound?. Saying that goods grew too fast or money grew too slowly is inherently saying the same thing since were comparing goods to money, so good deflation and bad deflation are terms that probably should be retired. Looking at deflation as a disease tends to get more agreement among economists. Luskin says that the true problem with deflation is that it causes problems in business relationships: If you are a borrower, you are contractually committed to making loan payments that represent more and more purchasing power - while at the same time the asset you bought with the loan to begin with is declining in nominal price. If you are a lender, chances are that your borrower will default on your loan to him under such conditions. Colin Asher, an economist at Nomura Securities, told Radio Free Europe that the problem with deflation is that in deflation [theres] a declining spiral. Businesses make less profits so they cut back [on] employment. People feel less like spending money. Businesses then dont make any profits and everything works itself into a declining spiral. Deflation also has a psychological element as it becomes rooted in peoples psychologies and becomes self-perpetuating. Consumers are discouraged from buying expensive items like automobiles or homes because they know those things will be cheaper in the future. Mark Gongloff at CNN Money agrees with these opinions. Gongloff explains that when prices fall simply because people have no desire to buy - leading to a vicious cycle of consumers postponing spending because they believe prices will fall further - then businesses cant make a profit or pay off their debts, leading them to cut production and workers, leading to lower demand for goods, which leads to even lower prices. While I havent polled every economist who has written an article on deflation this should give you a good idea of what the general consensus on the subject. A psychological factor that has been overlooked is how many workers look at their wages in nominal terms. The problem with deflation is that the forces causing prices in general to drop should cause wages to drop as well. Wages, however, tend to be rather sticky in the downward direction. If prices rise 3% and you give your employees a 3% raise, theyre roughly as well off as they were before. This is equivalent to the situation where prices drop 2% and you cut the pay of your employees by 2%. However, if employees are looking at their wages in nominal terms, theyll be much happier with a 3% raise than a 2% pay cut. A low level of inflation makes it easier to adjust wages in an industry whereas deflation causes rigidities in the labor market. These rigidities lead to an inefficient level of labor usage and slower economic growth. Now weve seen some of the reasons why deflation is undesirable, we must ask ourselves: What can be done about deflation? Of the four factors listed, the easiest one to control is number 1 The supply of money. By increasing the money supply, we can cause the inflation rate to rise, so we can avoid deflation. In order to understand how this works, we first need a definition of the money supply. The money supply is more than just the dollar bills in your wallet and the coins in your pocket. Economist Anna J. Schwartz defines the money supply as follows: The U.S. money supply comprises currency - dollar bills and coins issues by the Federal Reserve System and the Treasury - and various kinds of deposits held by the public at commercial banks and other depository institutions such as savings and loans and credit unions. There are three broad measures economists use when looking at the money supply: M1, a narrow measure of moneys function as a medium of exchange; M2, a broader measure that also reflects moneys function as a store of value; and M3, a still broader measure that covers items that many regard as close substitutes of money. How the Money Rupple Is Influenced The Federal Reserve has several options at its disposal in order to influence the money supply and thereby raise or lower the inflation rate. The most common way the Federal Reserve changes the inflation rate is by changing the interest rate. The Fed influences interest rates causes the supply of money to change. Suppose the Fed wishes to lower the interest rate. It can do this by buying government securities in exchange for money. By buying up securities on the market, the supply of those securities goes down. This causes the price of those securities to go up and the interest rate to decline. The relationship between the price of a security and interest rates is explained on the third page of my article The Dividend Tax Cut and Interest Rates. When the Fed wants to lower interest rates, it buys a security, and by doing so it injects money into the system because it gives the holder of the bond money in exchange for that security. So the Federal Reserve can increase the money supply by lowering interest rates through buying securities and decrease the money supply by raising the interest rates by selling securities. Influencing interest rates is a commonly used method of reducing inflation or avoiding deflation. Gongloff at CNN Money cites a Federal Reserve study that says Japans deflation could have been dodged, for example, if the Bank of Japan (BOJ) had only cut interest rates by 2 more percentage points between 1991 and 1995. Colin Asher points out that sometimes that if interest rates are too low, this method of controlling deflation is no longer an option, as currently in Japan where interest rates are practically zero. Changing interest rates in some circumstances is an effective way of controlling deflation through controlling the money supply. We finally get to the original question: Is the problem that there is more to printing money than printing money? Is, in fact, the way printed money gets into circulation, that the Fed buys bonds, and thus gets money into the economy?. Thats precisely what happens. The money the Fed gets to buy government securities has to come from somewhere. Generally, it is just created in order for the Fed to carry out its open market operations. So in most instances, when economists talk about printing more money and the Fed lowering interest rates theyre talking about the same thing. If interest rates are already zero, as in Japan, there is little room to lower them further, so using this policy to fight deflation will not work well. Fortunately, interest rates in the U.S. have not yet reached the lows of those in Japan. Next week well look at seldom used ways of influencing the money supply that the United States may want to consider in order to fight deflation. If youd like to ask a question about deflation or comment on this story, please use the feedback form.

Understanding Customers and Competitors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

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Do We Really Listen To Young Children An Investigation into The Importance of Listening to Young Children In Early Years Sittin - Essay Example The question whether do we really listen to young children brings about a few thoughts to a person’s mind. Questions such as how much importance is provided to listening to children and how they have been they treated by the adult world needs to be unearthed. It is significant to note that children are least noticed or listened to at the earlier stages. In many circumstances the early intervention into the life of the children would lead to solving many issues related to their life. Moreover, the careful examination on the unique individualities of children will help others find out the mysteries that surround children, their feelings, thoughts and creativity during the early years of life. The characteristic attributes are attained at an early stage. So it can be said that the life of each children is highly valued and so the educators at the early years sitting should clearly listen to the activities of the children who are entrusted to their care. It is important to recogni se that a number of factors has influenced the growing interest in listening to children. ... Background: In many countries children are treated as having not much of importance. Much negligence was reported on children all over the world. This prompted various organisations and persons to look into the matter very seriously. In 1904 the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act was established in England and hence forward many laws came into force on the rights of children in the country. The UN assembly too shared its concern for the rights of children all over the world. 1979 was considered as the International year of children and the Assembly decided to pass a convention on the rights of children. It was adopted in the year 1989 and Britain ratified this law in 1991. The country stresses much importance on the well being of the children. Children under five are placed in babysitting and the government makes ample measures for the overall development of children at this stage. Many strategies are implemented for the total development of children in the country. All these nece ssitate the importance of children’s rights as subjects of the state. In the recent years, the government agendas in England have focused on the need to involve children in policy and service design. There has been a strong feeling that the provision and evaluation of services used by children, or which affect them, should be given priority. Whereas consultation with older children is given importance in the recent years, the case for younger children is much different and they are not given due respect for their opinions. Significantly, listening to children has been regarded as an integral part of understanding their needs and feelings from their early experiences. Linda Kinney maintains, â€Å"there were two key outcomes from our work on consultation with

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FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE - Assignment Example From the Table in 4(a), it is evident that the higher the portfolio’s expected returns, the higher the standard deviation. This also means that the higher the returns the higher the risk, hence the above discussed risk-return relationship holds for shares property and bonds. This relationship is also observed in the chart in 4(b), since, for example, the shares are moving more radically and their returns are the highest; and this trend holds even for property and bonds. The radical plunge in prices in the last quarter of 2008 is majorly attributable to the effect of the global financial crisis that occurred during that time. This decline in prices was a major indicator of the crisis, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in demand in the financial markets, as many people observed their retirement accounts water down (Bartram and Gordon, 2009; Dwyer and Paula, 2009 ). It is important that the investments are spread over a variety of assets like the fixed income, equities and cash. This is because each asset class perfoms differently from the others as a result of its unique balance of risks and rewards. Diversification calls for the need to know the security an investor needs. Therefore, diversification is where there is a need to spread each asset investment over different types of securities. Most importantly, an investors needs to know their risk profile so they decide how to allocate their assets, on the basis of risk-return relationship. From example, from 4(a), one can combine growth fund which is very risky, with conservative fund which is less risky – so that one can continue enjoying substantial returns and even in the event of a crisis one does not lose significantly (Kapur and Orszag, 1999). b. If your group had $50,000 to invest in a managed fund, which specific portfolio would you choose from those offered in Question 4? Justify your choice by including a reference to the characteristics of financial

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Parenting Capacity and Substance Misuse - Essay Example Because these effects within the children have a strong potential to be carried into the next generation as well as to impact the public health, it is necessary for the social worker to learn how to recognize these signs and develop means of providing the children with the needed elements they are missing within the home. While this seems a nearly impossible task without the investment of vast resources and time into each family unit, there are some tools and practices that may help. It is the purpose of this study to examine the prevalence of these issues within society and to illustrate the importance of understanding on the part of the social worker in bringing about positive effective change within the home. It seems to be almost common knowledge that substance abuse/misuse can have serious detrimental effects on the care and raising of children within the home where one or both parents are involved in substance abuse activity. The tendency of this thinking holds that all children living within homes in which substances are used or abused are the victims of domestic violence. However, children living in these types of situations may not have any experience at all with the concept of violence within the home, yet may have numerous other issues to deal with as a result of neglect or other forms of abuse. Parents engaging in substance abuse may not have enough time or attention to provide their children with the necessary skills and attention they require to thrive while the parents may also be spending much-needed time and money away from the home as a means of supporting their habit. Children living in this sort of environment may find themselves needing to survive without adequate cloth ing, food or housing while also being required to essentially raise themselves without the benefit of parental guidance or support. This situation can have serious public implications as teenagers, having grown up in this sort of environment, tend to have

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Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Service Industries - Case Study Example Most of the companies always have the door to door service after purchasing a product from their organization. This is always a relief of the transportation issue as some commodities are always bulky and difficult to transport. The online shopping is always time convenient and a customer can get a good or service at any time he or she orders as the organizations always operate in 24 hours (Anderson & Young, 2001). Another important factor that consumers always like in the e-commerce organizations or rather the online shopping is due to the fact that there are always a variety of commodities and services at different prices thus every customer will always get an opportunity of selecting what he or she desires at a price affordable to the consumer. The BlueFly incorporation is one of the top online businesses in the United States of America. It is known for its great sales of designer shoes and accessories for both men and women within the United State and internationally (Innes & Mitchell, 2010). It is widely known for its best services thus it always sells greatly across all nations. The Company experiences high sales since it offers its customers with a perfect and superior shopping experience by providing value and a high level of customer service that creates loyalty in the customers. The BlueFly incorporation is always using one of the modern technologies available thus it has developed electronic commerce innovations such as personalization of shopping services and the browse and search features are easy to use making even the illiterate customers able to use. Doing shopping at the BlueFly incorporation is always absolutely fast and safe as there are systems of simple procedures, the credit transactions are very secure plus a convenient communication of customers through their e-mail addresses and the shipping of bulky goods is also done directly without any inconveniences

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Free

Free Space Optical Communication Essay Free space optical communication is the most growing communication because it is easy to install and has a high speed because the signal is transmitted in the air. So that will introduce the atmospheric affect in the optical wave propagation. Atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in both the intensity and the phase of the received signal. So we need to study the effect and the limitation if we introduce a free space optical communication system with dual wavelength (980 nm, 1550 nm). Also studying the effect of turbulence when using two different wavelengths. Introduction Free space optical communication is a kind of communication that use light propagation to send data between two points. Free Space Optics are capable of up to 2.5 Gbps of data, voice and video communications through the air, allowing optical connectivity without requiring fiber-optic cable or securing spectrum licenses. So we can use LED’s or Laser for transmission data. Free Space Optics (FSO) technology is relatively simple. Its built on a laser transmitter and a receiver to provide full duplex capability. Each FSO unit uses a high-power optical source, a lens that transmits light through the atmosphere to another lens receiving the information. The receiving lens connects to a high-sensitivity receiver via optical fiber. Because the transmission in occurred in air it is easily upgradable. FSO send a light beam from one point to another using low power lasers in the teraHertz spectrum. This beam is transmitted by laser light focused on photon detector receivers. These receivers collect the photon stream and transmit digital data. If there is a clear line between the two point FSO can operate on a distance of several kilometers as long we have a powerful transmitter. Features of the laser communications system Information usually in the form of digital data, data is entered to be regulated by the laser source transmitting electronics. Coding techniques can be used directly or indirectly depending on the type of laser used. Output source passes through the optical system in the channel. The visual system usually involves the transfer, beam shaping, and the telescope optics. Beam receiver comes in through the optical system and passed to the detection and signal processing electronics. There is also a terminal control electronics that must manage gimbals guidelines and other mechanisms, and machinery, to maintain and track the acquisition of the operating system designed in the mass of the process. In order to communicate, you must have received enough energy by the detector to distinguish signal from noise. Laser power, optical transmission system losses, pointing out shortcomings of the system, transmitter and receiver antenna gains and losses, receiver, receiver and loss tracking, are all factors that force in the establishment of the receiver power. The required optical power is determined by data rate, detector sensitivity, configuration modes, noise, and detection methods. When the receiver is to detect the signals, it is in fact the decision-making regarding the nature of the signal (digital signal is sent when the distinction between the ones and zeros). There are two types of distributions: one when the signal present (including the amount of photocurrent due to the background and the current detector in the dark), and one when there is no signal present (including sources of no signal current only). A threshold must be developed to increase the success rate and reduces the error rate. Even when there is no signal present, the fluctuation sources of no signal lead periodically to the threshold to be exceeded. This is an error stating that the signal exists when there is no signal present. Distribution of signal may also fall on the other side of the threshold, so any errors stating that the signal is going to happen even when the signal is present. Security FSO systems work in the near infrared wavelength range slightly above the visible spectrum. So, the human eye cannot clearly see the transmission beam. The wavelength range is around 1 micrometer that is used in FSO transmission. The interception of FSO operating systems with narrow beam in the infrared spectral wavelength is by far the more difficult. Small diameter of the beam is usually only a few meters in diameter in the target site are one of the reasons that make it extremely difficult to intercept the communications of the FSO. Intruder must know the exact origin or target of the infrared beam and intercept only within a very narrow angle of beam propagation. Intercept packets directly from the FSO networks between remote locations is impossible mainly because the beam passes through the air usually at a higher altitude than at ground level. Due to the fact that the transmission beam is not visible, and that any attempts to block the beam can occur near the FSO point of acces s and the process of transition poses another obstacle. Capture the signal from the location that does not fall directly within the path of light with photons of light scattered from aerosols, fog, rain, or molecules that may be present in the atmosphere is almost impossible because of the energy levels are very low use infrared through FSO process transmission. The main reason for the exclusion of this possibility of intrusion is the fact that light is an ally and statistically isotropic in different directions from the path of the original propagation. This specific mechanism keeps the total number of photons or the amount of radiation that can potentially be collected on the detector that is not placed directly in the beam path beyond the detection level of noise. Atmospheric turbulence Atmospheric turbulence can destroy the performance of FSO systems. The changes in temperature and pressure in the atmosphere lead to changes of the refractive index along the transmission path. These changes can make the quality of received signal fade and causes fluctuations in the intensity and the phase of the received signal. These fluctuations can limit the performance of the system. The atmosphere is a viscous fluid and it has two state motions: 1) laminar (there is no mixing in the air molecules) 2) turbulent: (there is mixing that creates eddies). Atmospheric turbulence can be physically described by Kolmogorov theory. The energy of large eddies is redistributed without loss to eddies of decreasing size until finally dissipated by viscosity. The size of turbulence eddies normally ranges from a few millimeters to a few meters, denoted as the inner scale and the outer scale, respectively. So the index of refraction n is very sensitive to small scale temperature fluctuations (te mperature fluctuations are combined with turbulent mixing). So, the index of refraction is the most important in optical wave propagation. Because it behaves like a passive additive. So the spectrum of index of refraction can be described by Kolmogorove spectrum ÃŽ ¦n (ÃŽ º) = 0.033 Cn 2 ÃŽ º-11/3 , 1/L0 ÃŽ º 1/l0 Here in this model the variations in humidity and pressure are neglected. This model is the most model used in theoretical analyses but it is right only over wave number within the inertial subrange. To take into account the inner and outer scale effects, there is various models have been developed. Like Tatarskii and van Karman models. So all these models are useful for theoretical calculations but only inside the inertial range. They are not based on rigorous calculations outside the inertial range, but more on mathematical convenience and tractability. The modified atmospheric spectrum is the only model that features the high wave number rise prior to the dissipation range. ÃŽ ¦n (ÃŽ º) = 0.033 Cn 2 [1+1.802(ÃŽ º/ÃŽ ºl)-.254(ÃŽ º/ÃŽ ºl)7/6] x exp(-ÃŽ º2/ÃŽ º2 l)/(ÃŽ º2 + ÃŽ º20)11/6 , 0= ÃŽ º ∞ , ÃŽ ºl=3.3/l0 Experiment The experiment that we need to do is to use two laser sources with different wavelength (980 , 1550) and set the receivers about 2-4 km from the transmitter and start sending the signals. We will use the same signals in both transmitters. Then we will study the performance of the system and see if that help to receive the signal in more accurate way than using one transmitter. That will help us to see the effect of optical turbulence and atmospheric effects. So we will calculate the performance of the system and measure the atmospheric turbulence. So we need to ask some questions: What is the effect of optical turbulence? Is losing a part of one signal will be recovered by the other signal? Is that going to help the performance of the system? Is the pdf that we used in the transmitter side will be the same as the pdf in the receiver side? Light wave Light wave Receiver Receiver Transmitter Transmitter Transmitter Transmitter Receiver Receiver Read phonetically Dictionary Reference 1. Laser beam propagation through random media by Larry C. Andrews, Ronald L. Phillips. 2. Free space optical communications class notes. 3. http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-freespace-optics-full-report#ixzz1KfUtl5xP 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication

Money - I Want It :: Free Essay Writer

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Interactive Media and Its Effects on Copywriting Interactive media and the World Wide Web have become an entirely new medium for advertising copywriters. As new innovations in computer technology arise, copywriters find the best ways to utilize interactive media for marketing their products, and sometimes, themselves. They have discovered several key marketing methods including hypertext, JAVA, and accuracy of information. According to Duif Calvin, author of "The Nintendo Generation," hypertext is the most important marketing tool for advertising on the web. Hypertext is any type of link to another web site containing relevant information about a given topic. It has become very useful to marketers within the past few years. (www.jaderiver.com/glossary.htm). Hypertext allows markets to meet their audience's needs in very specific ways. For example, Ford Motor Company may have a site on the web devoted to the 1999 Ford Mustang. With the use of hyperlinks, Ford can provide detailed information about the car's warranty on a separate site. People who are interested in knowing m...

Issues Surrounding Water Resources in England

The intent of this paper is to sketch the issues i.e. ( environmental, economic and societal issues ) environing H2O resources. This will briefly explicate what H2O resources are and will foreground the force per unit area towards the building industry in the South East of England. Adding on to this will be how the lodging development has a negative consequence to environment and land usage, which will be advised through how sustainable development and building aid to decide these issue and over these jobs now and the in the hereafter. Initially, H2O is seen as a resource that comes in an limitless supply, it gets used by farming and other industries, every bit good as the population in the south E of England. There are three chief beginnings: reservoirs, rivers and belowground aquifers. The chief job is there an increasing demand for H2O supply as every twelvemonth ; around 18 billion dozenss of H2O is taken from these beginnings in England and merely 6 billion is put back into H2O supply. Electricity coevals uses 9 billion metric tons, industry uses 2.1 billion metric tons, farming utilizations 0.2 billion metric tons, and the other utilizations such as fish agriculture history for the remainder ( Benn, 2008 ) . Water resources is an of all time increasing demand within the South East of England and has few development force per unit areas to run into these factors such as the increasing population, economic activity, low rainfall and impact of clime alteration ( Environment Agency,2005 ) . All of these factors r elate to the building industry as you will necessitate adequate H2O to run into the lifting demand for the new lodging and domestic building ( Every and Foley, 2005 ) . Furthermore, the population of England and Wales is projected to turn by approximately 5 % over the following 20 old ages. New lodging development will turn even more rapidly, with 80 % of demand being for single-person homes ( Environment Agency,2005 ) , and that has looping consequence back to climate alteration, doing drouths by abstractions from rivers and boreholes to run into the demands of many more families utilizing much more H2O, go forthing H2O tabular arraies and rivers being structurally depleted and wetlands degraded. The wildlife is dependent on them has been forced into tighter corridors, with some populations ( Warren, 2007 ) . Another job highlighted by an environment protection run is that the H2O systems have an increased sum of emphasis because more houses are being built obviously and that is going excessively much for the systems in topographic point to take attention of. The H2O systems are environing them with difficult tally off surfaces such as private roads, roads and roofs. The Government lodging marks continually add more emphasis ( Warren, 2007 ) . These actions are supported and maintained in the models for H2O supply and edifice ordinances that are considered good pattern by right minded persons. However, this is non the right thing as the degree of emphasis on H2O systems on the South East is excessively high so the lone manner to battle this is with utilizing new inducements and methods to cut down the emphasis and this pull offing H2O as an available, renewable resource. In the following portion, this essay will concentrate on the constructs how sustainable development relates to H2O resources. Sustainable development is a critical tool that manages the measure and quality of H2O resources in a preserved and healthy mode ( Flint,2004 ) . Besides, sustainable development is how South East England conserves H2O and how the H2O boards can better their substructure to be more efficient with waste. This will be work outing and cut downing the use of H2O and managing through The Government, OFWAT, Environment Agency, and The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) is responsible for all facets of H2O policy in England and Wales. The Environment Agency, the Office of Water Services and the Drinking Water Inspectorate have their model set out by them from the DEFRA ( DEFRA,2004 ) . Water companies are meant to hold a H2O resources direction program which indicates how the H2O company preserves stableness between the supply and demand for H2O over the following decennary or so ( Environment Agency, 2005 ) . Companies such as Defra have to stay by these ordinances so that they are justifiable and they do non be much money. Inherently, the supply-demand concatenation compares the available size of the H2O supply to a forecast demand for a H2O resource zone. By utilizing the H2O resources direction programs that company’s usage, The Environment Agency can work with them to be after and foretell declarations to battle any shortages in the supply. The H2O resources direction program that has been put in topographic point has really improved the supply and demand balance for the whole of the South East of England. This basically means that there is less countries with deficient H2O to run into monolithic demands in a dry twelvemonth. Besides, the betterment could besides be down to H2O companies implementing smaller supply strategies such as upgrading boreholes ( Environment Agency, 2005 ) . Another issue that sustainable development improves H2O resources is through forestalling and cut downing escape. Water companies have helped decreased the degrees of escape in the South East of England, it was recorded that in 1999/2000 the sum degrees reported where 522 million liters per twenty-four hours whereas late it’s been reduced to 507 million liters per twenty-four hours in 2008/2009 ( Environment Agency, 2005 ) . However, in retrospect even though it has been reduced by an sum, it still doesn’t seem like a big decrease has been made, hence, one manner it can be reduced even more is if The Office for Water Services ( Ofwat ) could implement leakage marks ( Every and Foley, 2005 ) . Water companies should hold to be enforced a punishment if they fail to run into certain escape marks that are set up to cut down waste. Another method of how sustainable development improves pull offing the demand for H2O would be through H2O metering, since it assist promotes more efficient usage of H2O. It is reported that houses within England, merely 30 % have a H2O metre installed ( Benn,2008 ) . Water metres encourage the client to salvage money while salvaging H2O ; this in bend ends up being an effectual H2O salvaging step, since H2O ingestion for families is reduced by 10 % when a metre is installed. Additionally, another construct that overcomes and finds solutions to H2O resource direction is sustainable building. Sustainable Construction in relation to H2O resources is how designers can plan edifices to cut down H2O use. What things can be installed to cut down the sum of H2O? Sustainable Construction is fundamentally how can architects design edifices to assist cut down H2O use and to assist cut down H2O use and types of devices that can be installed to cut down the sum of H2O used. Problems with the south E of England is that it’s invariably in a high demand for H2O supply, therefore going the driest parts of the UK, this in bend has affected Domestic Water Consumption to increase by 70 % ( Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council, 2009 ) . Besides, sustainable building helps cut down the strain on the H2O industry by utilizing H2O efficiency steps that can be implemented into new edifices and old. Water salvaging devices such as affaire d'honneur flower /low flush lavatories can cut down the flower volume by a twosome of liters of H2O ( HM Government, 2008 ) . Another step would be holding arid urinals alternatively since standard urinals use around 6-10 liters of H2O to blush, this can besides be followed up with self-closing lights-outs that are inexpensive and easy to put in every bit good as the fact that self-closing lights-outs automatically close the H2O flow in order to salvage H2O ( HM Government, 2008 ) . Another step that is really efficient is rainwater reaping, this involves the aggregation of H2O that would hold most likely been wasted by traveling down the drain or being lost through warming. A H2O butt is implemented so that it can roll up rainwater from any pipe in the garden. Much larger systems can roll up rainwater and filter it from the roof or big countries environing the belongings ( Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council, 2009 ) . However, this H2O isn’t for devouring but more to provide lavatories and rinsing machines. Water butts are chiefly for domestic families whereas big systems are used for schools and offices. Besides, rescued H2O is another cardinal characteristic of sustainable building. Reclaimed H2O is H2O which has already been used. There are 2 types of rescued H2O and they are gray H2O recycling and black H2O recycling. Grey H2O recycling consists of H2O that has been used in baths and wash basins which can be sterilized on site and used for intents such as lavatory flushing and irrigating the garden ; this nevertheless is non suited imbibing H2O. The other signifier of rescued H2O is black H2O recycling, that is used for lavatory flushing and rinsing up, this can be reused though an intricate system that breaks down the solids and purifies the H2O to be reused. This besides isn’t suited imbibing H2O and has high care costs for domestic families ; this would accommodate better for big belongingss or sites. In Conclusion, In order to react to the environmental force per unit areas confronting the South East, in a manner that doesn’t merely work out one job by doing another, means that society has to alter, and alteration in ways that move it towards integrated, sustainable development. Environmental issues cut across both economic and societal concerns and this must be embraced if we are to successfully turn to and present sustainable solutions. Word count: 1,551 Mentions Political campaign to Protect Rural England, ( 2007 ) .A Water Resource Strategy for the South East of England. Kent: CPRE Kent, pp.5-39. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( DEPRA ) , ( 2004 ) .Making infinite for H2O. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, pp.7-39. Environment Agency, ( 2010 ) .State of the Environment – South East England. Bristol: Environment Agency, pp.20-34. Every, L. and Foley, J. ( 2005 ) .Pull offing Water Resources and Flood Risk in the South East. 1st erectile dysfunction. [ ebook ] London: The Institute for Public Policy Research, pp.1-27. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ippr.org/assets/media/ecomm/files/SE H2O 1.pdf [ Accessed 29 Nov. 2014 ] . Flint, W. ( 2004 ) . The Sustainable Development of Water Resources.Water Resources Update, ( 127 ) , pp.48-59. HM Government, ( 2014 ) .Future Water The Government’s H2O scheme for England. Norwich: TSO ( The Stationery Office ) , pp.7-80. Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Local Development Framework, ( 2009 ) .Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Local Development Framework. Hymen: Planning and Development Unit, pp.22-24.

Case Analysis on Singapore International Airlines Essay

Apart from my efforts, the success of any projects mainly depends on the encouragement and guidelines from many others. I take this opportunity to express my heartily appreciation to those who have been involved in the success of completion of this paper. Especially, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Professor David T. Methe of Institute of Business and Accounting at Kwansei Gakuin Uuiversity for offering me tremendous theoretical knowledge and the opportunity to have analysis on the case of Singapore International Airline as the final examination. The analysis process with the overall studies in the course of corporate strategy offered in this Spring semester provides me the opportunity to study the general management and to develop the perspective of a manager viewing from the corporate level in an organization. Abstract Singapore International Airline (SIA) as described in the case being one of the leading top airlines in the international industry is facing several competitive issues which are turning its situation with challenges of redefining strategies for its competitiveness. This paper will examine and analyze the case of â€Å"Singapore International Airline: Preparing for Turbulence Ahead†. It details with the internal and external environment analysis and how SIA strategies keep its success over the past. Finally, recommendations for SIA dealing with its problems and strategies for it to take in which to further increase its competitiveness as a global player. Introduction  Singapore International Airlines (SIA) as stated in the case is being one of the top leading airline companies in the world with well records in terms of its operational performance and its profitability history. According to the case, SIA has started its business since the split from Malaysia airline in 1972, and soon after it expanded its service destinations to over 40 countries all over places in the world. The company had developed with nique features that keep itself competitive within its industry which its competitors envied its perfect performances and looking forward to duplicate those features. Although, the SIA had been successfully operated through many decades, it is now facing the serious problem of demotivation of employees from severe layoffs due to SARS outbreak and Iraq war in the year 2003 at the recorded time of the case. SIA at this moment is taking serious concern of strategic movement to take in which for it to sustain its competitiveness and its top leading positions in its future. Despites the success experienced by SIA, the company is now facing the challenges of staying competitive in its industry. This paper will be mainly analyzing the case by defining the background of SIA and its industry with its key factors for success. In addition to that, the strategies and various resources that SIA used for keeping its competitiveness and how it influences the airline industry will also discuss on the following. Finally, a few recommendations for possible movements that SIA can take in which further maintain its success will also be given.

Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity Essay

With more than six billion people in this world, with a huge variety of human shapes, colors and sizes can race really be defined? As people spread across the world. Mixing among each other creating new kinds of faces there is no true race. But people such as Hitler believed that the Aryans where the superior race responsible got the cultural achievements in Europe and that they has to stop â€Å"racial contamination† that would come from breeding with inferior races by destroying them. Which caused the slaughtering of those deemed inferior: Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, slaves, and people with disabilities. It didn’t stop here, you’d think the world would try to make a difference but as Hitler era was fading, the â€Å"ethnic cleansing† by Serbs in Bosnia, the mass killings of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994 were and are stilling taking place years after Hitler. What these people failed to see is that there is no â€Å"pure race†. People show such a mixture of physical characteristics ? in skin color, hair textures, body shapes, eye color, height, weight and so on that there can not be a â€Å"pure race†. Our characteristics follow endlessly together, the mapping of genome system shows that were strikingly homogenous. Although large groups of people can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies they still cannot be classified as a race. The idea of a race in far from a myth, its embedded in our culture, it is part of our everyday lives. Sociologist D. S. Thomas observed that if people define situations as real, they’re real in their consequences in other words, people define situations as real, they’re real in their consequences in other words, people act on beliefs, not facts. As a result to that we will always have people like Hitler who feel that killing people that they believe is inferior is perfectly fine.Incidents such as the above still happen in today’s world but they are hidden from the public eye, what isn’t hidden and does continue toady seems as if no one is trying to make a difference is prejudice and discrimination, a war that will never stop. Prejudice can be defined as a prejudging of some sort, discrimination on the other hand can be defined as an action, and unfair treatment directed against someone on basis of their age, sex, height, origin, marital status, education, income, religion, etc, but when its due to race we usually call it racism. Why are people prejudices? The common sense answer is that people may have had a negative experience with a member of the other group. But Psychologists such as Eugene Hartley (1946) made studies showing that its more than just an old incident, his studies showed that prejudice against all other groups as well. Social scientists have developed several theories to explain prejudice; there are two types of theories, Scapegoat, and the Authoritarian Personality. People who are unable to release there stress to the source usually tend to release it on other people and they tend to find someone to blame their mishaps on and this usually becomes their scapegoat, often a racial, ethnic, or religious minority that they unfairly blame for their troubles. The other theory is The Authoritarian Personality Theodor Adorno’s term for people who are prejudice and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissive to superiors. Sociologists find these theories to be inadequate, they stress that the key to find prejudice is from the outside not form within. Sociologists focus on how some environments foster prejudice, while other discourages it. Sociologists have a few theories; Hitler used Functionalism, he hired Fritz Hippler, a Nazi intellectual was put in charge of the entire German film industry and he was told to create anti-Semitist, and he did by producing movies that compared Jews to rates, that their breeding would contaminate their â€Å"pure breed†. You can see that prejudice is functional and it creates in-group solidarity, and destroys human relationships. Conflict Theory- a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resource. Symbolic interactionism examines how people’s labels affect perception and create prejudice. When we apply a label to a group we tend to see its members as all alike, this leads to stereotyping and discrimination and may even create a depicted behavior. Symbolic interaction shows that were not born to a â€Å"race†, and ethic group where we lean beliefs, values; we learn to perceive them negatively or positively. If discrimination is common in our groups, we learn to practice it commonly. Discrimination is like a learned skill if you practice it enough you won’t even realize you using it. William Julius Wilson, a sociologist, argues that social class has become important that race is determine the life chances of African Americans. Prior to the Civil War African Americans were excluded from everything that could help you advance in life and become wealthy. As African Americans moved out of the inner cities, as legislators began opening doors for African Americans, as a result they were able to get better paying jobs, live a middle-class life, but those who were left behind in the inner cities they were trapped in poverty. I believe that people choose their way of life, yes it is true that things may be harder for an African American or a Latino person, but things are hard for everyone in their own individual ways. I do believe that in today’s world things aren’t based on race in some places yes but as from what I see I believe its based on your social class, who you are, who you know, where you work, and how much money you have, that’s what I believe matters in today’s society. Although sociologists like Charles Willie, states that even African Americans do the same work as whites, whites average higher pay than African American, he argues that it racial discrimination not social discrimination. He states that we need to provide more jobs for the people in the inner cities; with more jobs there’s more hope in inner cities and an anchor to a responsible life. But being richer for an African American is still a problem because certain people start assuming things for example an African American person driving a new car a cop tends to find reason to pull them over, just to make sure the car isn’t stolen. Both sociologists have a strong point of view, but I also do have my own view in prejudice and discrimination. In today’s society minority groups have a better chance to achieve their goals, for example everyone can attend the same college, travel the country, eat in the same place and even be best friends with someone of a different ethnicity, while this is taken for granted I honestly think it’s a beautiful thing. Prejudice and discrimination is a war that will be fought through out ones life regardless, of their race, color, size, height or social status. As we flash back we see that discrimination has always been around in all different forms. We, as the human race need to focus on not judging people before we know them for who they are. Today, there are so many type of people in the world that stereotyping are always incorrect. If everyone in the world had respect for one another we would live in peace and be able to let others believe in what they wish and except everyone’s differences. If we teach our children and change our ways, sometime in our future we will be closer to accepting that a man’s character is based upon content of his soul, not his color, ethnicity, or their religion.

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology Essay

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology - Essay Example The latter serves to reinforce cohesion in society and curbs crimes or delinquency. Social organisation was limited to small communal groups such as local councils but was later applied to larger groups such as nations, continents and the like. (Kapsis, 1978) Thomas and Znanieki (1918) explain that the social disorganisation theory was initially applied in the City of Chicago by psychologist working for the University of Chicago; this was in the early twentieth century. The City of Chicago was quite conducive for the application and study of this theory because it had been associated with numerous migration cases from different parts of the worlds at that time. The social cohesion that had been witnessed in that City was now a thing of the past because there were numerous changes occurring. The sociologists claimed that arrival of immigrant populations within the City led to a breakdown of some of the well know social rules that had prevented occurrence of crime. Edwin Sutherland (1924) did extensive work in the field of social disorganisation through his book 'Principles of criminology'. In his book, he starts with the values that make peasant societies more stable and less prone to crime or delinquency. Such societies are harmonious and influences are derived from consistent sources. However, with the introduction of western societies, peasant societies were transformed by capitalist idea. Communal values no longer took precedence and instead individualistic tendencies took over. The relationships that initially dispensed cultural values and traditions disintegrated and there was 'disorganisation'. He also believed that systemic (organised and persistent) cases of crime could be overcome if society was rearranged to deal with it. But because society is random and individualistic, cases of crime will continue to occur. Henry Mackay and Clifford Shaw (1929) also collaborated in this filed of criminology. They were also members of the University of Chicago. In their research, they reaffirmed that there were links between the level of social 'organisation' and crime rates. They conducted research and found out that cases of delinquency and crime were more popular in areas nearer to Chicago city than those further away. They also concluded that societies with high rates of delinquency had equal proportions of adult crimes. According to the two, high crime rates were prevalent in areas where there was physical deterioration. They also reported that some location were associated with high crime rates regardless of the fact that their populations were changing. Their explanations for these were that populations were faced with certain social challenges irrespective of their biological predispositions. Consequently, those social challenges would lead to high crime rates even when those societies had minima l cases of immigrant arrival or population changes. The two sociologists put forward the argument that traditional norms were disoriented when there was introduction of commerce. This made social systems weaken and with time, they would eventually disappear. This could eventually lead to higher cases of crime and maybe even permissiveness towards it. Sutherland (1939) argued that there was a direct relationship between two aspects; social disorganisation in society and crime organisation. He asserted that the latter was propagated by the