Do You Think Advertising to Children Should Be Banned Essay

Do you think advertising to children should be banned? Why or why not? It is an established fact that companies might benefit from right understanding of the children’s role in purchasing process. It is considered to be the case adults are loyal to those brands which they are used to enjoy in their childhood. Moreover, getting elder, children may influence their parents quite deeply. Parents tend to work more and earn more to make up the deficiency of the time to spend with their children by making some purchases. Thus, effective advertising addressed to the young audience is in the interests of manufactures. Due to a possible harmful effect on children advertising is the subject of wide speculation: whether it should be banned or not. It is important to find out which groups of children run the risk. Many researches describing human socialization’s process divide it in several similar stages (Table 1). This division is very relative, but not devoid of sense. The summarized stage from birth to 2 years is not significant for consideration due to lack of ability to distinguish between commercials and other TV programs which appears in the second stage (2 – 6 years). In this stage, children don’t tend to deconstruct contradictions in their opinions and are not able to tend difference between their own belief and another point of view thrust on them. At the age of 6 – 8, children are aware of existence of opinions which may differ from their own beliefs, but do not exhibit the ability to actually think from another person’s perspective. At the fourth stage (9 – 10 years), children are able to accept another point of view, but are not able to consider situations as an impartial side. Children at this stage are able to understand advertising intent and recognize bias in advertising. However, they have no defenses against advertising. At the final stage (since 11 years), teenagers are able to set up hypotheses and take into account all possible options. They have already got some knowledge of advertising tactics and appeals. As evident from this analysis, the most defenseless element here is children aged by eight. However, they are allowed to make just a simple consumer choice and strictly limited financial resources. As for elder children, they have more substantial financial recourses and considerable freedom. Besides, they may influence parents’ choice in areas such as electronic devices etc. Some people argue for ban against advertising. Nevertheless, there are some refutations of necessity to ban it. For example, younger children rely in their choice most on in-store experience rather than information introduced by adds. As for teenagers, they tend to use alternative sources of information, parental advice or peers’ opinions. Most researchers believe that some people have not got the certain characteristics of the final stage even during adulthood. The question arises as to not just advertising to children, but advertising to everyone. In my opinion, the most reasonable way is to control (or even ban in certain cases) advertising of goods such as cigarettes, alcohol and non-nutritious foods.

Mental Disorder

Project In Health Submitted by: Rochel Marie Jaranilla 4th- Jade Submitted to: Ms. Amarro Health & PE Teacher A  mental disorder  or  mental illness  is a  psychological  pattern, potentially reflected in behavior, that is generally associated with  distress  or  disability, and which is not considered part of  normal  development  of a person's  culture. Mental disorders are generally defined by a combination of how a person  feels,  acts,  thinks  or  perceives. This may be associated with particular regions or functions of the  brain  or rest of the  nervous system, often in a  social context.The recognition and understanding of  mental health  conditions have changed over time and across cultures and there are still variations in definition, assessment and  classification, although standard guideline criteria are widely used. In many cases, there appears to be a  continuum  between mental health and mental illness, making diag nosis complex. According to the  World Health Organisation  (WHO), over a third of people in most countries report problems at some time in their life which meet criteria for diagnosis of one or more of the common types of mental disorder.The  causes of mental disorders  are varied and in some cases unclear, and theories may incorporate findings from a range of fields. Services  are based in  psychiatric hospitals  or in the  community, and assessments are carried out by  psychiatrists,  clinical psychologistsand  clinical social workers, using various methods but often relying on observation and questioning. Clinical treatments are provided by various  mental health professionals. Psychotherapy  and  psychiatric medication  are two major treatment options, as are  social  interventions,  peer support  and  self-help.In a minority of cases there might be  involuntary detention  or  involuntary treatment, where legislation allows. Stigmaà ‚  and  discrimination  can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders (or with being diagnosed or judged as having a mental disorder), leading to various  social movements  attempting to increase understanding and challenge  social exclusion. Prevention is now appearing in some mental health strategies. ConclusionStigma is both a proximate and a distal cause of employment inequity for people with a mental disability who experience direct discrimination because of prejudicial attitudes from employers and workmates and indirect discrimination owing to historical patterns of disadvantage, structural disincentives against competitive employment and generalized policy neglect. Against this background, modern mental health rehabilitation models and legislative philosophies, which focus on citizenship rights and full social participation, are to be welcomed.Yet, recent findings demonstrate that the legislation remains vulnerable to the very prejudicial attitudes they are intended to abate. Research conducted during the past year continues to highlight the multiple attitudinal and structural barriers that prevent people with mental disabilities from becoming active participants in the competitive labour market. Project In Health Submitted by: Jiovanni Kim Agustino Submitted to: Ms. Amarro

Assignment of roles for reporting and responsibility Research Proposal

Assignment of roles for reporting and responsibility - Research Proposal Example The roles mentioned in the table apply for the various stakeholders irrespective of their personal causes. Their contribution is likely to be accounted for in case of default. The project manager would ensure the direct coordination of the stakeholders for this project to consult and recommend strategies beneficial for the micro-credit programme (Meredith, 2005). The project manager also takes care of the swift flow of the funds to the borrowers and their timely recovery for investment purpose. The innovative strategies on their part would be to ensure that all such plans reach the government level to the ministers with the coordination of the health ministry. Such plans would take a swift pass for quickening the process of better availability of the funds to the borrowers with better and affordable types of repayment schemes. The information is prepared for the overall management and governance of the project. The various authorities are enrolled for this project to describe their position of influence and membership for the project. This analysis and information is targeted at all the stakeholders who would like to review the strategies for the project at any point of time. The analysis would serve as a stage to determine betterment of policies for the project. It would not only serve as reports but also gain borrowers confidence in the long run. References/Bibliography Hannelen (2007). "Stakeholder Management

Analysis of Consumption Choices Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of Consumption Choices - Lab Report Example The paper primarily analyzes purchase and consumption pattern of consumer (myself) as per the purchases made in two weeks’ period from 8th August to 21st August 2011. 2. Situational influences Purchase of goods made during the period could broadly be divided into four categories: convenience good; shopping goods; specialty goods; and unsought goods. While basic needs were responsible for purchasing convenience goods (annexure attached), the shopping items were deemed necessary primarily because of the need to be comfortable within and outside the academic area. The decision to buy shoes and clothes was influenced by the situation. The old pair of shoes was torn and I lacked appropriate clothes for formal occasions. The books and stationery were essential items and constituted important part of my study curricula. The specialty item like Apple iPad was instantaneous buy as all my friends had it and since I had recently received a little extra money from my parents, I thought I could splurge a little in luxury and save in essential. Maybe, reducing the consumption of cigarettes and keeping away from the temptation of going to sales and goods exhibitions would compensate the luxury buy! The purchase decision of unsought items during an exhibition was mainly influenced by its unique carving which attracted me. They were actually abstract buying and probably satisfied deep craving for the items. 3. Consumption perspectives The consumption behavior is subtle but complex process that takes into considerations various factors like perception of need for the product that could be influenced by personal choice or external elements. Perceiving the need for good can be triggered by the basic human need or through other media like advertisement. I had bought the Apple iPad because I had gathered the information from my friends and acquaintances who had bought the product and knew its super utility and functions. After sales service was also important issue while buyi ng shoes and iPad. Lee et al. (2002) assert that when the consumer experiences satisfaction in relation to the consumption, possession, maintenance, life cycle and the after sales service of the product purchased, he tends to repeat the purchase decisions. Pair of Nike shoes was bought because of satisfaction with the good. The other convenience goods had long term satisfaction history so needed no reference or external influences for buying the goods. In the current environment, the hedonistic and experiential goods have become major competitor of utilitarian products and services. Hedonistic goods are distinct in their pleasure that buyer receives when he/she consumes that good or uses it. The various goods that promote lifestyle statements are important examples of such goods. Experiential consumption, on the other hand is not need based but describes the consumption pattern of new breed of buyers who are motivated by mass culture of representative values of goods and services. I t differs from the hedonistic goods mainly in its feedback and conceptualization aspect. While hedonistic goods give pleasure to the buyer, with or without consumption, the experiential goods are just bought because they represent something important to the society at large. The goods could be bought as a status symbol, even though they do not have any

Economics for Transport Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economics for Transport Manager - Essay Example Besides the use of the sector in production purposes, it has great importance amongst the consumer class of the society. Transportation cost holds a significant amount in consumer’s budget. Moreover transportation costs determine the price of products with increase in the former, contributing to simultaneous increase in the later. Thus the main aim of this paper is to discuss the different aspects of transport economics along with identifying the importance of the sector in every economic transaction. Pricing in the transport sector of the economy depends on different and continuously changing factors. The factors that have been identified are the type of the transport, the different types of industry and the countries and towns in which the transport sector is functioning. Moreover the pricing mechanism of the private transport industry differs from that of public transport. Thus there arises the need of discussing the two different price mechanisms of average cost pricing an d marginal cost pricing for the transport industry. (Jansson & Martinsson, 2003, p6) Difference between average cost pricing of a monopolist and marginal cost pricing Average cost pricing is referred as the procedure of charging price by a monopoly. If P is the price of the monopolist and AC is the average cost then the approach of average cost pricing of monopolist is accomplished where P = AC. In case of average cost pricing the firm enjoys zero profit. In transportation, setting price equal to average costs means the provider will offer the service when the value of providing the service is at least equal to the average cost of the same. (Haworth, n.d) P A AC P=AC MC D O MR Q (Haworth n.d) In this diagram... It is clear, that transport is a significant sector of the economy. The paper therefore discusses the economics of the transport sector applicable to business perspectives. Firstly, the paper focuses on mechanisms of setting standard price as are used in this sector. Identifying the price mechanisms and the importance of a proper market structure to the management are the subsequent topics of discussion. Competition has been identified as essential for efficient functioning of a market. Truly being applicable for the transport sector of the economy, the next topic of discussion of the paper is the importance of competitive laws and the effect of improperly designed competitive laws on economic functioning with its applicability to the transport sector. Transportation holds a significant position in the consumer basket and increase in its cost affects the consumer price index. Moreover transportation acts as a tool in maintaining stability of the economy through proper distribution of goods and services. Improper functioning of the sector may lead to the increase in price of products through the increase in transportation costs. Thus the importance of transportation in the economy as well as in the life of common people is the main focus of this paper. To conclude it can be said that transportation is a sector that has huge importance in every aspects of economy. The costs of transport which is in turn dependant on fuel have a cascading impact on all other products and services.

Educational Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Philosophy - Essay Example Establishing an optimal learning environment is one of the most important components of my educational philosophy. I can show up with incredible content knowledge and lesson design ability, but it will be for nothing unless students understand two things: that they are safe and accepted in my classroom, and that the work they are doing is meaningful and relevant to their lives and their future (Marzano, et al, 1992). Maintaining a safe classroom means addressing inappropriate behavior, monitoring bullying and threats, investigating parent and student safety concerns, and consistent monitoring of the students. This is essential in elementary schools where parents are leaving their young children in the care of adults who are strangers to them. The burden of care in the elementary school is great because students are less capable of caring for themselves. In middle and high schools, students are bigger and stronger. They sometimes have access to weapons or are more willing to fight. Keeping a safe classroom is essential in the secondary setting. Providing meaningful and relevant work also contributes to a positive learning environment. ... Students who feel burdened by "busy work" know that their teachers have not worked hard to provide worthwhile lessons, and they are much less likely to work hard for or support such a teacher (Marzano, et al.). Our school populations are becoming increasingly diverse. It is also essential to demonstrate one's acceptance of all the students in the classroom, regardless of gender, race, national origin, ability level, or anything else. Teachers who work hard at this are what Wong calls "intentionally inviting" (1991). My educational philosophy also involves using a classical instructional approach. Certainly, teachers need to be flexible and consider different students' unique needs; but most students benefit when the instruction follows a logical progression: activating prior knowledge, providing direct instruction, offering guided practice, then independent practice, followed by assessment. While these steps serve as a strong framework for lessons, maintaining flexibility so that plans can change as they are implemented is crucial (Tanner, 1997). My philosophy calls for a careful balance between best-known educational practices and developing an ability to view each student and lesson on a case-by-case basis, to make necessary adjustments while teaching. Differentiated instruction forms another part of philosophy. It has been shown to help students at all levels achieve more (Benjamin, 2006). It can mean supplying a solid variety of learning activities to all students; it can also apply to grouping students in class according to their skill levels and needs, and modifying instruction for each group. A good teacher can take the same basic lesson, add some elements that make it more

Surveillance Soceity (pro and cons) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Surveillance Soceity (pro and cons) - Essay Example This essay therefore looks at two sides of an argument about the pros and cons of having surveillance society based on the theory of surveillance and privacy. On the whole, those who argue for surveillance society are those who take the moral side of the debate, having the main conclusion that the guarantee for having the right thing done should come ahead of any personal and individual rights and privileges.4 The major reason that is cited to back this argument is that the world becomes safer and get criminals accounting for their deeds when there is maximum surveillance.5 Typical evidence that can be used to support this is the case of Trayvon Martin who was fatally shot by George Zimmerman. Indeed in the course of the trial, evidence from eye witnesses could not prove credible enough for the eventual judgment to be accepted by both sides. This is because there were variations in accounts given as to what happened.6 In such a case, a person reasoning from a moral perspective would just wish there was a means to hit rewind, something that can only be made possible if any of the two people involved wore a personal recording device.7 From the above, the premise stated is that a surveillance society is one that guarantees the safety of the people and protects them from the hands of evil people who would want to commit crimes and have their ways with them. With the example give, an unstated assumption is that should all people wear personal recording devices, the issue of evidence in court would be more credible. By inference, our current society will become more secure and most forms of legal tussles that take years to hear in court would become a thing of the past.8 As the legal process functions largely on evidence, it is expected that such forms of evidence that come through surveillance equipment in society would set the pace for having a better evidence based judgment.9 The other side of the argument which is against surveillance society is commonly upheld by

Halil Inalcik and Marshall Hodgsons views on the Ottoman Empire Term Paper

Halil Inalcik and Marshall Hodgsons views on the Ottoman Empire - Term Paper Example There was an accepted mode of coexistence that was not occasionally as disruptive as a society as such would be in the modern world. This, however, did not mean that the different religious factions existed in absolute peace without any animosity or bad blood. On the contrary, there were documented cases of massacres and discrimination all over the empire that seemed to have been sparked by hatred and a religious bias.   The breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks was the catalyst in the formation of the Ottoman Empire1 which was one of the few surviving empires at the time. The Ottoman Empire started as one of the small states that were formed after the initial breakdown and existed as thus for a longer period of time before the reign of Muhammad II saw the absorption of all neighboring Turkish states in one unified monarch that was referred to as the Ottoman Empire. The rulers in the Ottoman Empire were primarily the descendants of Ghazi warriors who were very successful in t he formation of a superpower in Europe at the time when all the other empires around them were disintegrating2. The Ottoman Empire existed peacefully with the other nations around it except for the occasional war that was primarily aimed at expanding trade routes or spreading the holy word of Islam. An alliance between the French and the Turks was formed later on with the driving force being a common enemy in Austria Hapsburg and Spain although it did not have much in the bearing of war. The then leader Sulayman (popularly referred to as Sulayman the magnificent) of the Ottoman Empire was responsible for creating this alliance. He was instrumental in the organization of the judicial system among many other accolades that he had and he was arguably one of the most successful rulers of the empire if not the greatest. In addition, his reign saw the flowering of Turkish literature, Ottoman architecture, and arts which served to expand the reach of the empire as scholars were attracted b y them. Furthermore, traders also followed suit as the world was beginning to have an appreciation for the arts and literature although every culture had its own. The leader of the Ottoman Empire was popularly referred to as the sultan. The sultan was primarily charged with upholding the Muslim canonical law among many other implied responsibilities which were overshadowed by the fact that he was viewed as the representative of the Muslim God, Allah, on the ottomans. After the death of Sulayman, the Janissaries, who were largely Christians converted to Islam and trained to be deadly in war gained power and this was the cue for the empire to begin crumbling. Corruption then became the order of the day as the holders of the office of the day were charged with fleecing the people as they scrambled to keep what they would for themselves at the expense of the very people they were meant to be representative of. The first signs of the waning power of the empire lost in the battlefront, wi th enemies aligning with Austria in a bid to ceasing parts of the territory that was initially under the Ottoman Empire.

Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands Assignment

Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands - Assignment Example It was authored by Mary Seacole, a Jamaican-born who became famous because of the work she was doing as a nurse during the Crimean (Seacole 15). The book has received universal acclaim as one of the most comprehensible and fulfilling autobiographies of the 19th Century. This is attributed to the fact that the book revolves around a culturally sanctioned and self-reliant feminine. Mrs. Seacole fashioned her own identity despite the fact that other people assigned her other identities. This paper shall seek to address how she thought of herself in relation to the world, as well as how other people viewed her. It will also examine the ways in which Mary Seacole demarcated herself in terms of her imperial and national identities. In the book, Mary Seacole has depicted herself as a self-willed woman who cannot be brought down due to her race and economic status. In as much as she was a Creole, a half-cast between a Scottish father and a Jamaican mother, she was determined to go extra mile s and help people. She has managed to construct her racial image to the readers carefully, as well as those whom she came in contact with during her journeys. She makes minimal reference to her skin color except when people around her point it out. She lives her life normally without making her skin color an issue; while those living around her have an issue with her color. This is best demonstrated when she boarded a ship from Navy Bay to Jamaica with several Americans on board (Seacole 90).

Quality Audits for Improved Performance Essay Example for Free

Quality Audits for Improved Performance Essay Auditing is simply the systematic examination and analysis of data through an independent procedure. Important to note is that auditing is not just about data, it also deals with statements, performances, records and operations. A myth that needs to be demystified is the misconception that auditing deals with financial issues or statements. This is not true. Auditing deals with overall performance, financial or otherwise. Any subject matter, in essence may be audited. Auditing therefore, aims at collecting data upon which is gathers evidence and makes judgment. The prevalence of organized systems of governments as well as businesses way back at around 4000BC necessitated the need for record keeping. These records were both financial and non-financial. These organized governments and businesses needed a way through which they could correctly account for their receipts as w3ell as their disbursements. Moreover, this was a period in which tax collection had just been unvented. There was a need therefore, to ensure that the taxes that were collected by the government could be accounted for to prevent any form of misappropriation of the limited government resources as well as public funds. The consequent need for audits as well as the indication of audits can be traced in Babylonia. This was specifically the public finance systems in Babylonia. The rise of this technique can as well be traced back to city states of Italy, Rome and Greece. Specifically the public finance systems of these areas. The governments in these particular areas had begun to question the authenticity of records that were kept in these areas. The accuracy and competency of officials was also being questioned. As a result, there was a need to come up with a system that could take care of these errors of misappropriation, accuracy and incompetence. In a couple of years, there was a need to come up with a way of making accurate records. The consequence of this is that the European systems of book keeping and auditing were introduced in the Non- European countries. CITATION Den07 l 1033 (Arter, 2007) This saw the introduction of auditing in the United States. During this time, businesses were constant increasing in terms of their sizes as well as their complexities. They also grew in terms of their scope. This growth created the need of the creation of a separate unit that would create assurance, internal assurance to be more specific that would verify the accounting information provided by the company. The verification of this information was very import ant in the sense that the accounting information provided was used in decision making processes. As a result, it was very vital to ensure that the financial information provided had to have high degrees of accuracy. This necessitated the need to come up with a procedure that would ensure the accuracy of such information. The best way to gauge this information provided was through the process of auditing. It therefore became a prerequisite for managers, reporting agents and accounting expertise to constantly review and summarize their reports in a way that it could be given meaning. The aim of this was to ensure sufficient objectivity in the records that were provided. It also instilled discipline in the procedures that were necessary in accounting. However, this proved not is enough as some of the stakeholders still revealed some degrees of incompetence. However, this process did not fail entirely. The process has a couple of successes that can be attributed to it. The process had o ne major success. It led to the creation of the auditing technique. One may ask how. Auditing came along as a way of ensuring that even these timely and accurate records and reports that had to be submitted were subjected to preview and analysis. The result of this was the creation of the Institute of Internal Audit in the United States of America. This was extremely important since it ensured that the organizations, whether governmental or non-governmental, came up with ways to ensure complete independence and objectivity. CITATION Der08 l 1033 (Derek Matthews, 2008)The process of auditing has its own historical journey. Initially, this technique existed with the sole aim of accounting for the government and specifically, it was concerned with record keeping. However, the industrial revolution saw auditing evolving from this level to the next. The industrial revolution, which took place between 1750 and 1850, saw the process of auditing having more serious functions. During this pe riod, auditing was given another meaning. The objectives of conducting auditing also change auditing became a necessary process with the aim of detecting fraud as well as ensuring financial accountability other than its initial function of keeping records. This is because the period of Industrial revolution was coupled with intense business growths. Businesses grew into very large enterprises. As a result, it became increasingly difficult for business owners to constantly keep watch over their businesses. This necessitated the creation of a technique that would help keep an eye on all the financial procedures. The functions of auditing were therefore given numerous branches. At this time, auditing was mainly aimed at ensuring accuracy and preventing fraud. CITATION San08 l 1033 (Sandy van Esch, 2008)In the early 20th century, there was a need to standardize the testing methods that were used by auditors as well as their reporting practices. The main reason behind this transition was to ensure uniformity in the auditing field. This period saw to it that the roles of auditors, their methods of auditing as well as their auditing practices were all comprehensive through a well-defined procedure. As a result, auditors came up with a system of examining a selected sample from a company in detail as opposed to analyzing each and every transaction made by the company in detail. This is because the role of auditors was becoming increasingly important and consequently, the demand for their services grew as well. They therefore had to come up with a system that would help greatly when it came to the issue of time consumption. This was the sampling system. However, it is important to note that the sample chosen had to be representative in the sense that the reasons for its choice needed to be justifiable. This system of sampling is still in use to date since it has been found to be less costly as well as time saving. However, it is not used all the time. Its use is subjec t to a couple of limitations. For instance, in the case of gross errors and serious fraudulent activities, sampling is used. Instead, the whole company is audited. This is because such issues require very high standards of precision. This is referred to as risk based auditing whereby it is first established whether an auditing is needed. Thereafter, a full scale audit, instead of a representative audit follows. CITATION Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)The demand for auditing, and in this case, both internal and external auditing, has its source in the 19th century. During this time, there was the Industrial Revolution As discussed above and therefore there was a dire need of creating an accounting procedure. This was aimed at cutting down of errors that came with record keeping, checking finance misappropriation, asset misappropriation as well as cased of fraud within organizations that are not business conformed as well. The need and origin of auditing is traced to the period slightly after the evolution of accounting. In the case that someone did not trust the honesty of another man, there arose the issue of fidelity. As a result, this necessitated the need to come up with a process through which the honesty of this man could be tested. This gave rise to the process of auditing. CITATION Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)Necessity is surely the mother of invention. It became necessary to come up with a system that could easily provide a way in which accounting was put into perspective. This led to the creation of the auditing technique. However, it is very important to note that even with the invention of auditing, there came a couple of challenges. For instance, the gap between management and action constantly increased. This made it extremely necessary to come up with a means through which businesses could be managed efficiently. The result of this was the diversification of the roles of auditing. Instead of counterchecking financial records and detecting frauds, au diting was given other functions. For instance, the technique was now using d to; ascertain the extent to which the assets of a company are held account for. This included the extent to which these assets were safeguarded from any form of losses.; checking the degree of quality of the performance with regard to the carrying out of certain responsibilities; review and appraisal of the levels of adequacy, soundness and generally the application of specific financial tools as well as tools of operation; the technique of auditing was also expected to establish the extent to which organizations, rather, the departments in organizations complied to the policies that had to set out. This was also to establish the level to which these departments complied with the set out plans and strategies of their institutions Finally, auditing was also assigned another major role. It was charged with the responsibility of ascertaining the level to which accounting and data provided by accounting could be relied on. Clearly, the functions of auditing had become diversified compared to the time when the technique was invented. CITATION Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)With t5ime, auditing was divided into two major categories; internal auditing and external auditing. The former refers to the process by which the financial and organizational records of a company are checked by expertise within the organization. This is the reason as to why each and every organization ought to have an internal audit section. The latter, just like its name suggests involves the process of auditing by expertise from outside the organization. External auditing is extremely important in the sense that it allows non-partisan expertise to gauge the performance of the organization. As a result, external auditing is believed to give a clearer picture of what is happening in the organization. Internal auditing was charged with certain responsibilities; it was meant to assist in the process of communication within the organization in terms of the scope, the performance and the objectives of the organization. In other words, it helped to organization to establish the objectives that it had not meet so far through the gauging of the performance, it also helped to establish the successes as well as the failures of an organization. Consequently, this helped, or rather still helps organizations to come up with well laid out strategies that could ensure that they meet their objectives as well as reconcile their failures. CITATION Den07 l 1033 (Arter, 2007)The history of auditing can be said to be greatly connected to disciplines that are associated with communication of information that deals with economic events. This is regardless of whether the institution in question is part of the government or whether it is an institution is in the private sector. The development in the communication of economic activities therefore goes hand in hand with the developments in auditing. Writing for instance, le d to the need to record the exchange or transfers of economic goods. The developments in accounting and auditing created the need for the establishment of accountability of the people in authority. The benefits that came with trading as well as the economic benefits of private sector investment came as a result of having accounts of transactions whether it was transactions with others or accounts of trading activities. The reasons for the measurement in one’s permanent income or rather one’s wealth led to the need for one to be able to account for and audit his or her own equity. There was also the need of chartering companies with limited liability. This limited liability was subjected to a series of certain specifications of reporting requirements. These reporting requirements are basically reports from auditing firms. All these were as a result of the rising demand for capital with the huge business projects in the Industrial Revolution. CITATION San08 l 1033 (Sandy van Esch, 2008)Today, the process of auditing has made great milestones ever since the time of its inception. To put this issue into perspective, we have seen the various stages that auditing has gone through. The functions of auditing have also been diversified. Currently, auditing is not only aimed at detection of frauds and financial accountability of the employees of a company .Auditing has also given a platform for companies to have an insight into their own activities. This is one of the reasons as to why internal audits are carried out. It is now described as a very labor intensive job, however, very important for the success of any organization. It offers correction to organization after detecting irregularities. It also gives the way forward for companies by providing ways through which the technical financial mishaps detected in the auditing process can be avoided in future. It is also very clear that the history of auditing made a great, actually the greatest mark in his tory in the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution saw massive growth of businesses which required constant checking and counterchecking of the financial records which were subject to various manipulations by incompetent officials. Today, auditing firms are one of the major profit making firms due to the high demand of their services. Auditing has become extremely important in today’s society and its importance can never be underestimated. CITATION Der08 l 1033 (Derek Matthews, 2008) References l 1033 Arter, D. R. (2007). Quality Audits for Improved Performance. ASQ Quality Press. Derek Matthews, ‎. P. (2008). The Auditors Talk;An Oral History on the Profession. New York: Psychology Press. Moeller, R. R. (2009). Brinks Modern Internal Auditing. New York: Wiley and Sons. Sandy van Esch, ‎. P. (2008). The Principles and Practice of Auditing. Jutaonline Publishers. Source document

The Code Switching Among Students

The Code Switching Among Students This essay deals about code-switching phenomenon among students in MARA College Seremban and the research question is Code switching: Why has it become a wide spread phenomenon among students of MARA College Seremban?. The historical background about the establishment of English language in Malaysia has been provided and the term code-switching has been defined. In Malaysia, code-switching is happening between Malay and English language. Several students from the college have been interviewed to get their opinions about what causes the phenomenon to be widely used by students. Therefore, seven factors that contribute to the phenomenon among students have been identified. A number of 30 students were given the questionnaires in order to get their feedback on how frequent did they code-switched in daily conversations and to whom they mostly preferred to code-switched whether with friends, teachers or family. Several reasons why students preferred to code-switched in conversation have b een investigated from the questionnaires. Besides that, a survey about students perceptions towards the phenomenon has been successfully conducted. An example of dialogue in a group of friends is provided to show the code-switching happened between them. In Malaysia, Malay language or Bahasa Melayu is the countrys first language while English is the second language. As second language it has its own impact on the Malaysian society especially in communication between people. Nowadays conversations held between two people or in a group are no longer using Malay language totally. Most Malaysians prefer to import some of the English words to complete their sentences during conversation. Some English words like so, if, because, after, etc have been used by many Malaysian. Today, it is observed that more and more teenagers are mixing the two languages together. Code- switch phenomenon has widely spread among people in Malaysia. Besides, the phenomenon has become more popular among the urban society in this millennium era. Because it is so popular, people from various levels constantly use it in various occasions. From my observation, almost all young people in this country would code switch while conversing among themselves. They also code switch in any and every situations such as in classes, restaurants, libraries and others. Various words from English are being used in everyday conversation but they are not using English language completely and because the phenomenon has become very popular among Malaysians it has raised my interest to conduct a research on it. I decided to focus my study on students of my college, MARA College Seremban . Thus, I come out with my research question Code-switching: Why has it become a widespread phenomenon among students of MARA College Seremban?. MARA College Seremban is situated in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Its students are currently undergoing International Baccalaureate Programme and Cambridge Advanced Level Programme for two years and most of the subjects learnt are mainly in English. Therefore, the medium of instructions is English. Currently, this college offers foundation programmes for students under MARA scholarship who are pursuing their study in Medicine, Dentistry, Biotechnology, Engineering, Accountancy, Teaching English as Second Language, and Teaching in Mathematics and Sciences to various universities in Australia, New Zealand, India and Czech Republic. In my research, I have conducted a survey to students of MARA College Seremban to find out the number of students who usually code-switch in daily conversations. I have also interviewed several students to get their personal views about this phenomenon. Besides that, I also studied factors that contribute to code switching, reasons why students like to code switch and how the students perceive the phenomenon among the society. I have prepared questionnaires to 30 students in this college, age range between 19-20 years old. Through the questionnaires, I was able to gets answers for my research. I have included the historical background about the English language in Malaysia and defined the term code-switching for further understanding about the establishment of English language in Malaysia; and the code switch phenomena. Also , in order to identify the uses of English words in everyday conversations I have prepared several examples of every day conversation among Malaysians that invol ved code switching. Finally, through the research done, I was able to make a conclusion at the end of this essay. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND- HOW ENGLISH LANGUAGE SPREAD IN MALAYSIA? English was first introduced in this country during the colonial empowerment over Malaya 53 years ago before Malaysia obtained its independence in 1957. British empowerment had caused several missionary schools to be built in several places in Malaya (Baskaran, 2002a). From pre-Independence days to post-Independence times, English medium schools were the first attempt at education, other than the religious schools for the local Malay (Baskaran, 2002b). As such, English became a coveted language with the Malay language, and all other vernaculars, taking a back seat as fluency in the language would almost guarantee a government position (Normala, n.d.). After the colonial era in Malaysia ended, the teaching of English is continued by the government of Malaysia. The education system in Malaysia regards English as the second important language that should be learnt in schools. Therefore, the emergence of many individuals who are bilingual started since the pre independence year of Malaya. Now, as the national education system in Malaysia make it compulsory for every school in Malaysia to teach Malay as the first language and English as the second language. The teaching of these two languages has caused a phenomenon known as code-switching to occur among Malaysian. As more people are bilingual, they actually prefer to mix the two languages in many occasions. In this research, I will focus on students of MARA College Seremban. CODE-SWITCHING- WHAT IS CODE-SWITCHING? Laura (2004a, p.5) writes that: Code switching is the use of words and structures from more than one language or linguistic variety by the same speaker within the same speech situation, conversation or utterance. There are two different types of code switching mentioned by which is conversational code-switching and situational code-switching. Conversional code-switching is the use of two languages by the same speaker within the same speech event and situational code-switching as language alternation by the same speaker in different speech situations, though the speakers utterances within each situation are monolingual. Laura (2004b, p.11) states code-switches were used for reasons other than just to fill lexical gaps. Most students in Malaysia have the ability to communicate bilingually. Therefore, the code switching will occur between these two languages. Roberto and Jeffrey ( n.d.) also states that Speakers of more than one language (e.g., bilinguals) are known for their ability to code-switch or mix their languages during communication. Traditionally, code-switching has been viewed as a strategy to compensate for diminished language proficiency. The premise behind this theory is that bilinguals code-switch because they do not know either language completely. This argument is also known as semi-lingualism, which underscores the notion that bilinguals almost speak both languages correctly. FACTORS CAUSING STUDENTS TO CODE-SWITCH IN DAILY CONVERSATIONS. Graph 1 : Factors that cause students of MARA to code-switch in daily conversations. The graph bar described Factors that influenced the students of MARA College Seremban to code-switch in everyday conversations. The first bar showed percentage of student influence by their friends to code- switch in daily conversations. The bar showed that, 100 percent or all the students agree that peer pressure influenced them to code-switched during their conversations. Friends is one of the major factors that influence the MARA College Seremban students to code-switch during conversations. Friends are people who the youth interact with most of the times. Friends can be considered to be the most influential elements in the youth world. Therefore, the youth is affected by the culture adopted among their friends. The second bar displayed that about 73.3 percent agreed that their own interest brought them to code-switch during talking with others whereas another 26.7 percent disagreed. Several people are interested to code-switch in their conversations with others. They find the language interesting to them so they use it in multiple conversations with people. They believed that by practising they could improve so they practised using several English words and they normally include the words when speaking with others. In my opinion, self interest is a drive from oneself without the influence of others to study and understand the foreign language that is English. The third bar presented that 66.7 percent disagreed English materials caused them to code-switch when speaking. However, 33.3 percent admitted that English materials have caused them to code-switch. Through reading, one can find many new words and people who read English materials such as English novels or magazines everyday will find more new words through their reading. Thus, many like to use these words in their everyday conversations. Most of them believed that reading English materials made them to speak more appropriate English with less grammatical errors therefore, they speak it completely rather than code-switch. For the fourth bar, it displayed that about half of the students agreed that they are affected by English movies, tv series, dramas etc to code-switch when speaking while the other half disagreed. English movies, dramas and series influence their viewers from various aspects. Students are attracted to their way of speaking and mimicked them in their daily conversation. Students would find mimicking the actors or actresses fun and entertaining. This is the way that it may influenced the students to act or use certain words in their daily conversation. However, other students said they are not affected by the English movies as the accent is hard to follow and students hardly pronounce words like the US or British do. Besides, they watch movies for entertainment so they did not put much attention to the words in the dialogues among the actors. The fifth bar, described about 46.7 percent of students agreed that advertisements influence them to code-switch in daily conversations whereas 53.3 percents of them disagreed. Many advertisements in Malaysia use mix match language to promote their products and merchandise. The advertisement use English with Malay language to do their promotions as for example Indah Water. This brand name belongs to a company in Malaysia. They used the word Indah in Malay and Water in English. Students would read the advertisements or watch it on television and the words or sentence used in the advertisement would be captured by their minds especially catchy words. Many would use the words when speaking with people thus agreed that advertisement influence them to code-switch. Whereas there are students who feel that advertisement would not affect them as the advertisement promotes brands not words. They would remember only the brands not the words used during the advertisements. The sixth bar, presented that 50 percents of the students agreed that family influenced them to code-switch when talking with others, while the other half of the students disagreed. Conversation in a mix of languages such as Malay and English among family members influence the youth to speak the same way. Youth spend a lot of their time with family members. The language used by the family members most probably affects the students. Therefore, the way they speak would follow the way their family members speak because the time spent with family members is much longer than time spent with other people. The final bar showed that 90 percent of undergraduates agreed that the norm of the society influenced them to code-switch in daily conversations. Only 10 percent of the undergraduates disagreed. Most Malaysians usually code-switch or have their conversations in mix- match language and it can also contribute to the use of mix- match language among the youngsters in Malaysia. Almost all the correspondence agreed that it is the norm of society that influences them to speak mix-match language. The usage of mix-match language has become a norm among adults, teenagers and even children. The usage has spread widely that people assumed it to be a natural behaviour among them. Therefore, the youngsters are also following this trend as their friends and people living around them are speaking the mix match language. Usually, Malay youth will mix English and Malay words together in their conversation as it has become natural to them. PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS CODE-SWITCH WITH FRIENDS, TEACHER AND FAMILY MEMBERS Pie chart 1: Number of students of MARA College Seremban who code-switch in daily conversation. The pie chart above showed the number of students of MARA College Seremban who code-switch in their everyday conversations. From the pie chart, it is observed that 87 percent of the students frequently code-switch in their conversations while only 13 percent seldom code- switch the words in their conversations. From the results, students from this college highly code- switch when communicating with friends and teachers in the college, family members while at home, or in any other situations. PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS CODE-SWITCH WITH FRIENDS, TEACHER AND FAMILY MEMBERS Graph 2 Percentage of students of MARA College Seremban that code- switch (with English words) in daily conversations. I also compare the conversation between the students and their peers, teachers, and family members to show to whom the students code-switch mostly. The bar charts showed the percentage of students in the three categories. Firstly, about 99 percent code -switch when talking with their friends while only one percent of the students did not. Secondly, about 70 percent of students code- switch in everyday conversations with their teachers while 30 percents of students did not. And thirdly, it shows that about 50 percents of the students code-switch when conversing with family members. From the results, students from this college most probably code -switch during informal talks with friends such as in group discussions, chatting, or gossiping. In some situations, sometimes students spontaneously code -switch in group meetings or informal events among students. Therefore, students showed great interest to use English words with friends because they feel it is common phenomena for them. Sometimes students prefer to use simple English words which are very short and easy to pronounce to complete their conversation. Most of the students felt comfortable to code -switch when having conversations with teachers. This shows that code-switching trend has become common among the students and teachers and one of the ways students can communicate with teachers to discuss or to talk about their studies or to express their opinions during classes or other situations. In my opinion, most students prefer to code -switch when talking with teachers because they felt shy to speak proper English. This is because, they are not well exposed to English speaking environment and English is not their mother tongue but most students learnt English through their studies. In English classes, Malay students usually are very shy to speak English during English classes because outside of English class they use more Malay words. Bahiyah Abdul Hamid (1992) had also made some several conclusion out of her students behaviour in classes: It can be concluded that their silence is due to several possible reasons which are they dont know the answer or answers to questions asked, they lack the necessary language to communicate effectively in the English language and thus find it difficult to say what they cannot yet say at all, they feel insecure about their level of English and prefer to say little or nothing at all for fear that their mistakes would make their classmates or teacher laugh at or look down on them, they find it difficult to quickly switch from their mother tongue, or another language that they can communicate effectively in, to the English language. And they are following the appropriate and highly acceptable cultural behaviour of showing respect.  [1]   For those students who did not code -switch during their conversations with their teachers it may be because they prefer to use a more formal language or speak with proper usage of the language. Code -switch would involve words from Malay and English and most probably the sentence structure has a lot of grammatical errors. Among family members most students would usually be talking in the language of their mother-tongue. The reason they prefer to speak in Malay is because they are used to the language since their childhood. Priming is the term used to describe the phenomenon that prior exposure to something influences subsequent responses to the same or related things (Alessandro G, 2009a). Language can be primed, so that exposure to a linguistic feature in influences subsequent speed of responding to that feature, often called the reaction time or response latency (Alessandro G, 2009b). However, some families members speak with today trend which most people favour to code-switch during their conversations. The sentence structure will change when English words are used to replace words in the mother tongue language. REASONS WHY STUDENTS CODE SWITCHED This is an example of a daily conversation between students in the college. There are four students; Anis, Hafiz, Kamarudin, and Aziz. They were planning to study at National Library on weekends. The dialogues between friends were held in Malay and English languages. Dialogues Meaning Anis: Jom pergi National Library this weekend! Anis: Lets go to National Library this weekend! Kamarudin: Bila exactly? Kamarudin: When exactly? Hafiz: Hari Sabtu or Sunday? Hafiz: Saturday or Sunday? Anis: Sunday? tutup tak silap. Anis: Sunday? The library is closed if Im not mistaken. Hafiz: My aunt kata Isnin baru tutup. Hafiz: My aunt said it closes on Monday. Aziz: Tak bolehlah, holidaying with family. Aziz: I cant go, Im on holiday with my family. Based on the dialogues, there are many reasons that cause the students to code-switched. Through my research, I have discovered 10 reasons as to why students code-switch in their daily conversations. Graph 3 Students reason to code-switch in daily conversation The bar chart displayed the percentage of the students reasons to code-switch in daily conversations. Most students wanted to have conversations with others and they prefer to use simple English words such as English conjunctions; so, then, but to code-switch because they are easy to pronounce and most people understand the usage of these words in the sentence structure. They also believed that using English words in conversation can enhance their confidence when talking with others especially with teachers and friends. Besides, English words are used by people to stress points that are more understandable in the English language or to accurately describe the points because sometimes they could not find the right word with the same meaning from the mother- tongue language. Several students like to gain attention from others. They used English words when speaking with various people so that he or she is noticed by people to have his or her way of talking. Besides, some students love to pronounce the English words according to their favourite Hollywood or English artists so the words sound more interesting. Students also believed that they look more educated when using English words during conversations whether in college or outside the college. Talking in the mix of the two languages could also close the status gap between two people because it makes their conversations less formal with classmates, family members, and lecturers. STUDENTS PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE CODE SWITCHING PHENOMENON Graph 4 Students perception toward the code-switch phenomena. The pie chart above displayed the students perceptions towards the code-switching phenomena in daily conversation. About 60 percent of the students have good perception toward the phenomena. They believed that code-switching in conversations encourage them to use English words more frequently in conversation so that they become used to the words and eventually they can speak in full English sentence. In addition, they feel more confident when having conversation with people because code-switching make a person look more educated in front of people. Student feel much better when code-switching in conversation because the can speak smoothly as they care less about their grammar. However, about 40 percent of the students have negative outlook about this phenomena. They think that conversing to others using mono-language is much better than code-switching. People who are speaking to others in Malay have proper sentence structure when speaking. A number of students expressed that the mother-tongue language will soon be tarnished when more English words are used in conversations. They also believed that using mother -tongue language is actually showing that they are proud of their nationality. CONCLUSION Based on the results, there are found to be at least seven influential factors that cause students of MARA College Seremban to code-switch in their daily conversations which are peers pressure, self- interest, English materials, English movies; drama series etc, advertisements, family members and the norm of the society. The most influential is peer pressure followed by norms of the society and self- interest. The least influential factor is English materials. The students are greatly affected by people around them including friends and society that they lived in. If the society promotes the speaking trends, people around them will spontaneously follow the trend. Most students frequently code-switch in their daily conversations. The trend has blended into the society. It is also accepted by most students and it is normal to code-switch in informal conversations. The conversations are believed to make them friendlier and less formal when speaking with others. The results also showed that students code-switch with friends, teachers and family members. The do it most with friends as they are closer to them and also they are more feel more comfortable with them. Students also code-switch when talking to teachers because they spend time during classes and discussion because they could not find the right word to use. In the family among family members, students do not code switch so much. They usuakky speak to one another in their mother tongue language. There are several reasons as to why students prefer to code-switch in everyday conversations. Several students said they want to pronounce the words like the Hollywood artist, close the status gap, making the conversation less formal and simple etc, as mentioned earlier in my essay. The code-switching phenomenon has widely spread among the students in the college and also among todays youth. Some see this as positive while others see it as negative. So, is code-switching a positive phenomena to students or maybe to the youth? Obviously, most people accept the phenomena. Does that mean it code-switching benefits them during conversations? Can code-switching be accepted as a new kind of a language or is it seen to tarnish the languages involved? I think we should look at this phenomenon seriously as it would affect the language pattern of the next generations.

Essay --

Introduction: Since ancient times, human had two types of energy. The two types are conventional energy and renewable energy. At that times with the available knowledge which guided human to use solar, wind and water energy which are named as renewable energy. Renewable energy defined as the energy which produced daily from nature itself without any direct cause by humans or life creatures. The second type of energy is the non-renewable or the conventional type which is the energy kind which cannot be recreated and it is created from very long time by creature’s bodies such oil, gas and coal. 1. Discuss and write about the conventional sources of energy that is widely utilized in Oman and provide examples with statistics. Nowadays the common used energy is the conventional type. It is used all over the world widely. In Oman it is the main source of energy and economy where it generates the production of the secondary type of energy like electricity. All the modern life at all its sides and faces they depend in oil and gas only. The discovery of oil was in 1962 while the production started on the end of 1960s. Oman production of oil is about 924,000 barrels per day according to 2012 statistics. Oman consumes 124,000 barrels for entire use and the rest for export. Gas production in the same line with oil always it reached up to 936.55 billion cubic feet while the exported amount is 317 billion cubic feet only. Coal production still not utilized as a main source. Oman needs extra and extra energy year after year, all that because of the development and the rise on the population. For example between 2000 and 2010 the amount of electricity which is produced for Oman entire use increased from 8.6 to 18.6.g igawatts. As a modern l... ... for green life and for modern ways to protect all the nature resources. Renewable energy is the future of all life not only the energy because it has no side effect, and no limits for its availability. The renewable energy will be large industry same as oil and gas but it will be much easier and safer. Conclusion: References: 1. Oman’s renewable energy potential - solar and wind | Norton Rose Fulbright. 2013. Oman’s renewable energy potential - solar and wind | Norton Rose Fulbright. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/75892/omans-renewable-energy-potential-solar-and-wind. [Accessed 29 November 2013]. 2. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2013. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=mu. [Accessed 29 November 2013].

Can TV be a Good Teacher? :: Television Education Media Essays

Can TV be a Good Teacher? Many people today blame television and media in general when something bad happens, for example shootings in the schools. However, should television take all the blame for effects and changes in American youth? Television shows crimes and killing, but television can also teach young children how to behave in the right way. Television can not influenced all of us, but it can definitely influence young children, who are, â€Å"curious and easily influenced. They tend to mimic and repeat what they hear and see on television without knowing of right and wrong† (Simmons 149). These influences depend on what kinds of shows children are watching. Parents are the one controlling theirs children, but without parental supervision children will watch what pleases them; that is were the problem lies. For example, if a child is watching a movies that contain violent acts, that can have some bad side effects. One of these effects can be carelessness. The child can become less worried about others and what is going to happen to them; they may not recognize it as violence. A study by Cullingford reports, â€Å"when people were shown killings and then heavily prompted, most did not think of it as violence. The frightening truth was that ‘objectionable content’ had become so acceptable that it was invisible† (Simmons 150). The other effect can be violent behavior. Child may want to become violent, because then they will be â€Å"feared† by every one, just like the people that they see in television. Berkowitz concluded, from his experiment, â€Å" television violence does arouse aggressive behavior, especially if viewers believes that aggression is justified† (Simons 150). Another effect can be revenge. This is probably the biggest message that violent movies are sending to children. In almost all of the movies we see people killing one another just to avenge someone that was either killed or harmed by a â€Å"bad buy,† or they themselves were harmed. This may influence children that have been humiliated in schools or molested. At some point, they may explode with rage to get revenge for what had happened to them. On the other hand, if a child is watching educational channels consisting of historic programs or other kind of educational programs, the child can be influenced in several good ways. First, the child can become smarter. If a child is watching educational programs, they will definitely learn something. Can TV be a Good Teacher? :: Television Education Media Essays Can TV be a Good Teacher? Many people today blame television and media in general when something bad happens, for example shootings in the schools. However, should television take all the blame for effects and changes in American youth? Television shows crimes and killing, but television can also teach young children how to behave in the right way. Television can not influenced all of us, but it can definitely influence young children, who are, â€Å"curious and easily influenced. They tend to mimic and repeat what they hear and see on television without knowing of right and wrong† (Simmons 149). These influences depend on what kinds of shows children are watching. Parents are the one controlling theirs children, but without parental supervision children will watch what pleases them; that is were the problem lies. For example, if a child is watching a movies that contain violent acts, that can have some bad side effects. One of these effects can be carelessness. The child can become less worried about others and what is going to happen to them; they may not recognize it as violence. A study by Cullingford reports, â€Å"when people were shown killings and then heavily prompted, most did not think of it as violence. The frightening truth was that ‘objectionable content’ had become so acceptable that it was invisible† (Simmons 150). The other effect can be violent behavior. Child may want to become violent, because then they will be â€Å"feared† by every one, just like the people that they see in television. Berkowitz concluded, from his experiment, â€Å" television violence does arouse aggressive behavior, especially if viewers believes that aggression is justified† (Simons 150). Another effect can be revenge. This is probably the biggest message that violent movies are sending to children. In almost all of the movies we see people killing one another just to avenge someone that was either killed or harmed by a â€Å"bad buy,† or they themselves were harmed. This may influence children that have been humiliated in schools or molested. At some point, they may explode with rage to get revenge for what had happened to them. On the other hand, if a child is watching educational channels consisting of historic programs or other kind of educational programs, the child can be influenced in several good ways. First, the child can become smarter. If a child is watching educational programs, they will definitely learn something.

Mockery of Victorian Values in Hechts Parody, Dover Beach :: Dover Beach

Hecht's parody "Dover Bitch" is a mockery of Victorian values shown in "Dover Beach", as well as those of his own period. Hecht candidly exaggerates the speech, ideas and symbols in "Dover Beach.". The first evidence of Hecht's mockery is of speech at the beginning when he writes " There stood Matthew Arnold and his girl......All over, etc., etc.". He take the soft calming words of Arnold and gives them a harsh New Jersey accent. His representation of an educated woman sets the reader up to think that the woman will not sit quietly and be told what to do by her husband. But when "she said one or two unprintable things" he took away her right to speak. Thus plunging her back to Arnold's Victorian classification that women should sit quietly and ingest her husbands opinions. This might also symbolize the feministic movements of the early sixties. Hecht's view might have been that women could have equality to men, but its not important enough to let them talk about it. His display of faithfulness in the women's unfaithfulness is also a reaction to the Victorian idea that the wife should be there for her husband. It could also be a scary reality in Hecht's mind that times were changing and women wouuld not be at every beaconing call of their husband. Hecht reinforces his Ideas of change by taking Arnold's "...the cliffs of England stand, glimmering and vast" and transforms the Victorian idea of women into "...cliffs of England crumbling away behind them,". This supports the idea that Hecht is aware of the changes that are happening and he is envious of the way things used to be.

Case Study on Frank Drake Business Planning

Business planning Case study This case study has three separate sections to it. The case material is given below, and then there is: †¢ A worksheet based on the case study (including the development of a full business plan) †¢ An interactive quiz Taktical. com Frank Drake is a software engineer with a major multinational firm and a highly experienced programmer. He is also a keen racing sailor, and for many years in his spare time he has been developing a piece of software to help racing sailors plan their tactics for a race.The software enables you to input a wide range of variables, including the weather, the tide, the nature of the course, the boat characteristics and information about the competition. From this you can then develop a strategy for the race. After the race you can input your decisions and test them against what the software considered the optimum strategy. Frank has used it widely and found it very effective and he has also given copies of it to sailing f riends for them to test.They have frequently commented that he should sell it, and he has finally decided to leave his job and set up a company to sell and market the product. He has decided that the most effective way to distribute it would be through the internet and so he is planning to set up a sales and promotion web site called taktical. com. The software itself will be available through a CD. To make the software more marketable he will need to employ some other programmers and designers.He is planning to work from home initially and he estimates his initial set-up costs to be as follows: †¢ Software costs – ? 4,000 †¢ E-commerce set-up and hosting – ? 1,250 †¢ Design costs – ? 950 He has allocated ? 3,600 for his marketing budget, though he has not yet decided the most appropriate marketing methods to use. He has investigated carefully to see what other similar products are available and believes he has found a niche in the market, though there are some other sailing simulation packages, but these are mostly game-style ones and not targeted at serious sailors.He feels that this is a premium product targeted at a small niche and so he is able to set a relatively high price. He has discussed this with sailing friends and it is clear that price is not very important in their decision about whether to buy the product. He is planning therefore to charge ? 65 for each CD produced. He expects the variable costs of each unit to be: †¢ ? 2. 50 per CD produced †¢ ? 5. 25 for each manual produced †¢ ? 2. 25 postage/distribution costHe will be starting to sell the product at the start of March 2004 and expects sales for the first year to be:    |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |July |Aug |Sept |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb | |Sales |15 |20 |25 |45 |40 |35 |25 |10 |10 |45 |15 |25 | |He is going to approach the bank to try to raise ? 10,000 start-up funding, but needs some help developing his business plan. Why not have a go at the worksheet or the quiz associated with this case study. Business planning Case study – Worksheet Before starting this worksheet, make sure you have thoroughly read the case material.

Marathon

Anyone still on their event out after this time will be regarded as a pedestrian and, therefore, must obey the rules of the highway code regarding pedestrians. Walkers are required to use the footpaths at all times. Participants Participants for the Half & Full Marathon must be age 18 or over on the day of the race. If any participant is unwell prior to the event he/she is advised not to take part. Please arrive at least 45 minis before the start of your event, this will enable you to familiarize yourself with toilets, refreshments and the start and finish areas.Please note the organizers cannot accept responsibility for any loss or damage of your reporter. Entry fees are not refundable. All participants must register during the allocated times in order to collect their race number, micro chip, and goody bag. These items cannot be posted out. The registration office will be staffed on Directions from Belfast At the Mourner Country Hotel roundabout go straight. Continue down the Belfa st Road/Downslide Road for c. Miles.At the next roundabout (at Newer Courthouse) turn right. Take the next Right and continue to WIN Business Park. Directions from Dublin Continue on the main AY road towards Belfast and take the slip road for the Cucamonga Road Junction. At the bottom of the slip road take the third exit heading for the Vivifies roundabout. At the Vivifies roundabout take the fourth exist for Newer Go to the bottom of the road. At the traffic lights the only option is to turn left. Also take the next left and continue to WIN Business Park. Directions from Armada At the Vivifies roundabout go straight (taking the 3rd exit for Newer).Go to the bottom of the road. At the traffic lights the only option is to turn left. Take the next left and continue to WIN Business Park. Running Number All participants will receive individual running numbers. The running number is specifically allocated and cannot be exchanged without authorization from the race director. Please note t he medical staff are provided with a competitor list and will not be aware of any changes unless notified in advance. Numbers must be attached to the front of running tops, mutilation or non-display of numbers will lead to disqualification.Championship Champion chips will be given out at registration and will be allocated only to one entrant. Chips cannot be exchanged with another participant as this will affect corded times. The chip is the property of Timing Ireland and all chips will be collected at the finish line. Lost chips are charged to Newer City Marathon Ltd at a cost of E per chip. The Marathon Course. Starting outside the Newer Credit Union Building on Hill Street at 9:AMA, will take the following route. Hill Street south towards William Street.Right onto Dublin Bridge and then a U-turn on Dublin Bridge and right turn onto footpath along River Street, Warrenton Road until leaving footpath and going onto road toward Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout. Onto hard-should er of Warrenton dual-carriageway towards Warrenton. The route through Warrenton is Newer Street, Church Street right along Dock Street by the Square, keeping on the right-hand side of the road, Marine Parade where you go onto the Promenade as far as the Baths, crossing the road at this point onto Queen Street, Church Street and back toward Newer on the same carriageway staying right. I. E. Running on inside lane) proceeding to Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout for the halfway mark and picking up the Half Marathon runners to proceed to Warrenton along the same route as before. On the return to the Greenback Roundabout stay on the road until the footpath at Warrenton Road onto River Street, left onto William Street to Dublin Bridge, Then a right IS- turn to William Street and a left onto Hill Street to the Finish at Newer Credit Union. The Half Marathon Course.Starting at Pair Osler in Greenback Industrial Estate at 10:AMA the route goes onto the Warrenton dual-carriageway on the hard-shoulder staying right toward Warrenton The route through Warrenton is Newer Street, Church Street right along Dock Street by the Square, keeping on the right-hand side of the road, Marine Parade where you go onto the Promenade as far as the Baths, crossing the road at this point onto Queen Street, Church Street and back toward Newer on the same carriageway staying right(I. E. Running on inside lane): proceeding to Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout . N the return to the Greenback Roundabout stay on the road until the footpath at Warrenton Road onto River Street, left onto William Street to Dublin Bridge, Then a right IS- turn to William Street and a left onto Hill Street to the Finish at Newer Credit Union. The Walk Course. Starting at Pair Osler in Greenback Industrial Estate at 10:AMA the route goes onto he Warrenton dual-carriageway on the north bound side WALKING ON THE FOOTPATH AT ALL TIMES toward Narrow Water Keep. Turning at Narrow Water Keep and proceeding back to ward Newer on the same footpath to Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout.Onto the footpath at Larrikin Spar Garage then onto River Street, left onto William Street to Dublin Bridge, Then a right IS- turn to William Street and a Left onto Hill Street to the Finish at Newer Credit Union. The Fun Run Course. Starting outside the Newer Credit Union Building on Hill Street at 1 1 :Moa, will take the following route. Hill Street to Killdeer Street, Left onto Killdeer Street onto the Mall to Mar's Street, left onto William Street and left onto Hill Street to finish at the Newer Credit Union.Mile Markers Both the half and full marathon will be individually mile marked. Refreshment Stations Water stations every three miles on the Marathon and Half Marathon courses. Sports drink stations at approximately 8 and 18 miles. Energy gels will be available at some water stations for athletes who have found these of benefit dung their treating PLEASE DISPOSE OF LITTER RESPONSIBLY IN BINS PROVIDED- T HANK YOU. Race Retirement Should any participant retire at any time during the race, they must inform the nearest marshal.There will be a sweep vehicle following the race, which can take you back to the start. Spectators Spectators are very welcome but should not venture onto the course. Marshals Specific Event trained marshals will be in place along the course. They will be clearly identified with high-visibility vests, you must obey their advice/instruction to keep yourself safe at all times, and traffic disruption to a minimum. Timing and Results There will be a Champion Chip timing mat at the finish.All participants must cross his to enable results to be recorded. Results will be displayed at the finish and will be available on the website www. Merchantability. Com. Time Keeper Glenn Grant Champion Chip Timing Results Derek Cowan/Glenn Grant Race Starter Representative from the Main Sponsor. Mr. Sean McCracken The referee's decision will be final. There will be no entries accept ed on the day Post Run There will be limited facilities for sports massage at the finish area. Presentation of prizes will take place at the earliest opportunity.By taking part, all participants have agreed for their names and any footage or photographs taken during their articulation in the marathon to be used to publicist the marathon event. Participants acknowledge and agree that personal information (including medical information entered on my race number or collected by event medical staff during or after the Event) can be stored, used and disclosed by the Newer City Marathon in connection with the organization, promotion and administration of the Event and for the compilation of statistical information.If a participant becomes ill during or after the Event and/or receive medical attention or treatment either from event medical Taft, SST John Ambulance or any doctor or hospital, he/she authorities such persons to provide their details (including details of medical treatment) to the Medical Director of the Newer City Marathon or others authorized by him.Marathon Officials reserve the right, in their sole discretion, to modify, supplement or waive all of the Official Rules. Participants shall be bound by any modification or supplement of the Official Rules published prior to the Marathon. Failure to follow these Official Rules, as may be amended, will result in immediate disqualification, loss of prize money and ejection from the event.

Discuss the Reason of Rising of Detente During 1968-1978 Essay

Explain why failed in1980s. During 1968-1978, The tensed relations between 2 superpowers—US and USSR relaxed. Both of them tried various means to bring about peace such as closer communication and co-operations, Armament limitation etc. However, detente failed at the end of 1970s and marked the beginning of 2nd stage of cold war. There were several reasons which led to the rise of detente and the end of detente. The First reason for the rise of detente was because both superpowers were anxious to reduce the severe financial burden on military expenses. Since both sides were trying to defeat one another during cold war, they attempted in weakening another one by producing nuclear weapons. According to statistics, The military expenses almost occupied 41% of the annual total expenses of US. USSR also suffered from severe military burden. It was a heavy burden for both of them, therefore, they were willing to slow down the armament race by producing less nuclear weapns. They adopted the non-commitment policy which helped to ease international tensions in1970s. The reduction of military costs helped the rise of detente. The second reason for the rise of detente was the fear towards a nuclear war. Since tensions between them would increase the chance of the outbreak of nuclear war. They dared not to bear the risk of devastating destruction of civilization of human beings by nuclear war. As a result, they began to adopt a relatively moderate attitude towards each other instead of being rigid. This help to reduce tensions between them. The third reason for the rise of detente was because the two superpowers had learnt lessons from Vietnam war as well as Korean War. They knew that war was not a way to contain either blocs. The US paid a hude price for defending the free world against communism. The heavy casualties and expenses drove the Americans to reconsider the intervention policy towards world matters since 1947. Since America was on the verge of social revolution as a result, it adopted a more conciliatory attitude towards the communist bloc in order to prevent a nuclear war. The forth reason for the rise of detente was that USSR wanted to use its resources to develop homes economy and to raise the living standard of its people. In addition detente benefited to USSR as it can increase the trade with the western countries so as to develop its own economy. This can also avoid the formation of alliance between china and America. The fifth reason for the rise of detente was the split between USSR and China since the mid 60s. At the very beginning China and USSR established a close relationship as they were both communist countries which work together to confront against US. However the criticism of Khrushchev towards the Great Leap Foorward and The criticism of Community Party of China towards the view of Khrushchev led to the split between USSR and China. After that, these two countries were hostile to one another. An armed conflict on the sino-Soviet border in1969 further damaged their relations. The split between china and USSR helped the rise of detente as US considered USSR as a less threatening foe towards its leading position in the world without the alley-china. This helped improve the relationship between the two superpowers. The sisxth reason for the rise of detente was China and USSR were both feared of being isolated, hence they would like to develop a better relation with US. The US promoted detente to keep them apart and a strategic balance of power among 3 powers was kept. Hence the tensions between the two superpowers was no longer as fierce as the 1st of cold war. The seventh reason for the rise of detente was that China broke its isolation by more contact with the west for trade and support in modernization. This help the rise of detente as Us had a new alley which made it felt that USSR was no longer as threatening as before. Unfortunately, detente failed in 1979. Firstly the failure of detente was because of the Soviet invasion in afghanistan in 1979. The soviet sent troops to Afghanistan in order to overthrow a pro-us government there and extend its influence to the Persian gulf for tremendous amount of oil which were supplied by the Persian gulf region. The US also needed to prevent USSR from controlling Afghanistan. This is the important turning point for detente as both of them started to compete for natural resources again and this created tension and conflicts among them. This crisis triggered off their conflicts again. For example, the US Congress refused to ratify the SALT II treaty. In addition, the Us stopped its wheat sales to the USSR, president Jimmy carter called on the international community to boycott the Olympic games held in Moscow in 1980. Secondly the failure of detente was because of soviet suppression of polish solidarity. The USSR asked the polish government to suppress the solidarity movement in Poland as it afraid that the movement would arouse the anti-soviet feelings among eastern European countries. The soviet suppression of solidarity caused the wide discontent of US and western countries as it had broken its promised of protection over human rights. The Soviet suppression of polish solidarity led to the end of detente as US responsed to the action of USSR by asking the congress for an increase in military budget in order to produced more armaments and setting up more inter-continental missiles in Europe for defence against USSR. This led to the end of detente as superpowers were no longer willing to take a moderate attitude towards each other. Their restart of armament race intensified cold war again. Thirdly, detente failed because The introduction of star wars by US. And nearly 2000 military satellites were launched in space in 1980s. The cold war intensified. To conclude, the reasons for the rise of detente were both superpowers were anxious to reduce the severe financial burden on military expenses, fear towards a nuclear war, the two superpowers had learnt lessons from Vietnam war as well as Korean War, USSR wanted to use its resources to develop homes economy and to raise the living standard of its people, the split between USSR and China since the mid 60s, China and USSR were both feared of being isolated, hence they would like to develop a better relation with US. And the failure of detente were because Soviet invasion in afghanistan in 1979, soviet suppression of polish solidarity, introduction of star wars by US.

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Paper

I. Intro paragraph a. Hook: In the Irish American community of Brooklyn in the 1900’s, immigrants faced discrimination and crushing poverty b. In the world that Betty Smith describes in â€Å"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn† however, this poverty is depicted as a kind of virtue, a force that causes individuals to grow, and families to bond c. Yet, while female characters like Katie and Francie grow from overcoming the hardships brought on by poverty, Francie’s father Johnny Nolan is defeated by it and ends up dying of alcoholism.In the 1900’s, gender roles and social expectations of men and women were more rigid than today, and both sexes were supposed to stay within gender boundaries d. In telling the story of Katie and Johnny Nolan, Betty Smith reveals how often times immigrant women like Katie, who went against gender stereotypes, survived and grew from the hardships of poverty, while men like Johnny, who tried to fulfill their gender role, were defeated by it . II. 1ST Body paragraph a. In the beginning of the novel, he has found a job, but it is as a low paying waiter and unstable.Even so, he dresses with style, is handsome, and seems content being a singing waiter. He is able to bring home money to his wife, Katie. His daughter, Francie always helps him get his bow tie on and he calls her â€Å"pre-Madonna,† then she eagerly awaits his return with her brother Neely, for he always bring back treats like caviar and oysters. They are a happy family. However, Johnny loses his job and his family becomes more and more hungry, but he can’t help them. He can’t find another job i.In the early 1900’s, men were supposed to provide for their family, but as Johnny Nolan illustrates, this was hard for immigrant men. ii. Perhaps not being in control and not being able to bring home money to his family makes him feel like a waste and a failure, for as the story goes on, he drinks more and more until he dies of alcoholism. K atie tries to help her husband, â€Å"She told him it was a good thing, that suffering would harden him, would teach him such a lesson that he’d stop drinking. But poor Johnny just wouldn’t harden. † (P. 98) iii.Johnny grew up with the gender stereotype of the man of the house being the â€Å"breadwinner†, and in the Irish American community in Brooklyn, he cannot fulfill this role. III. 2ND Body paragraph i. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work ii. In contrast, Katie, Francie’s mother, is able to overcome poverty because she breaks down the gender stereotypes of what a married woman should do in her time; Katie goes out of the house to work. At that time, were expected to stay home and be cared for while caring for the children iii.Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work. Thus, as she faces poverty, we see Kati e rise to the challenge by being flexible. In contrast to Johnny, she is able to experience poverty as a learning experience and change. At one point she says to passersby, â€Å"Look at that tree growing up there out of that grating. It gets no sun, and water only when it rains. It’s growing out of sour earth. And it’s strong because its hard struggle to live is making it strong.My children will be strong that way. † IV. 3RD Body paragraph a. Johnny and Katie Nolan, exemplify a theme of gender difference in the overcoming of poverty for immigrants i. Katie is flexible and able to adapt, so she eventually obtains a better life. She does not stay within her gender role of remaining in the house, but goes out to work. In contrast, Johnny is unable to be as flexible and his stubbornness in keeping within his gender role and his own idea of his responsibility to his family eventually destroys him ii.Betty Smith does not judge Johnny in her novel, but rather portrays him as a sympathetic and highly likeable, but he is a conflicted and ultimately tragic character. V. Conclusion paragraph a. In the patriarchal society of the early 1900’s that Betty Smith describes in her book â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn†, it would seem logical if women did not fair as well as men in times of difficulty. After all women had fewer rights. They could not vote or get the same wages as men i. By going against gender stereotypes, Katie is able to persevere and overcome poverty, while her husband, Johnny Nolan, who tries to follow them, is defeated iii.In 2012 many women have broken gender boundaries; Hilary Clinton is Secretary of state, Lady Gaga and Beyonce are millionaires and international pop stars. Men too have broken out of gender stereotypes for it is socially acceptable for men to work at home and even earn less than women. In â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, â€Å" however, Betty Smith captures a world, gone now, in which strict gender roles defined a person’s life. But for immigrants, trying to make a start in America, the need to adapt and go against these gender roles was critical.

Managing Hospitals by Physicians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing Hospitals by Physicians - Essay Example Moreover, in turn, hospitals are reliant on these physicians as a recommendation foundation for patient volume. This arrangement of the health care system is a very old tradition which has only presently illustrated the signs of transforming with the uprising of hospitalist physicians. It is more referred to as a strange economic relationship for the reason that the physicians seek advantage in financial terms from the use of hospitals but do not put up with the unswerving liability for the economic health of these institutions (Final Report, 2008). The rock-strewn nuptial between physicians and hospitals is barely a novel occurrence. The stringency between the notion of the hospitals as a 'doctor's work-place', pertinent to medical regulation, and the hospital as an autonomous corporation with its own locus of control and an array of operations has buffed and diminished for a major part of the twentieth century (Stevens, 1989). Commencing with the regulation of workmen's compensation funds by innovating hospital administrators and accusations by physicians that hospitals were bartering their charitable services for a benefit, the thrash about for independence, regulation, respect, authority and money has furthered at a swift pace. Physicians who were trained and preserved as the trend-setters of all medical practice, construed to with the growing portion of the nation's health care dough flowing straight away to the hospitals and not to them. In turn, a novel strain of the non-physician hospital administrators who were trained to regulate their institutions as a business, construed to the physicians as indignant of 'lay' control and the rules as well as regulations essential to regulate a subtle and efficacious venture. With negligible irony, an administrator remarked that 'doctors, for the reason that they are doctors, are hard to accommodate into the hospital organization' (St. Luke's Health Initiatives, 2005). And hence, it has vanished. There have been many periods of cooperation, chiefly, in the face of a professed common rival such as third party payers and tyrannical government control and payment systems, but by and large, the provider community of the hospitals and physicians has maintained itself as a debatable creed for much of the twentieth century. Even though, the routine dealings of physicians and hospitals were apparently cordial in superficial terms, there was frequent smouldering distrust, hostility, antipathy and even detestation between the two communes. The objective of physicians ha s always been the regulation of the scope of independent, private practice with minimum restraints between themselves and their patients. The philosophies of the hospital medical personnel, the authoritative model of the physician-hospital connection, were based on utmost physician

Letter of recomendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Letter of recomendation - Essay Example [Your name] was a highly demanded dental assistant amongst other dental students and applicants at my office. This difficulty can serve as a testament to her level of dedication and the impression she constantly had on other dental experts at the hospital. Second, [your name] carried out many procedures as a dental assistant since her official enrollment in April 2011. These tasks ranged from implants and bondings to x-rays and extractions. Even though these procedures are routine for a dental assistance, the results exhibited by [your name] surpass those of other dental assistants in the facility. For instance, [your name] only repeated x-rays when there was the x-ray machine was faulty or the patient was very nervous or uncooperative. In addition, [your name] partook in various root canal seminars and the dental digital program tutorial seminar. Clearly, [your name] made use of her determination and duties towards fulfilling the expectations of the admission requirements of a student from a standard dental school. Third, [your name] developed multiple understanding and serene relationships with my patients while working in my office. I value these bonds because in fact learned a great deal about the role of a dental assistant during diagnosis, treatment, and even recovery. Moreover, [your name] seemed to enjoy acquiring more personal and relevant information about my patients before and during treatment largely because he concerned a lot over their quick recovery. [Your name] told me that building strong relationships with my patients helped hasten their treatment and recovery. Lastly, [your name] facilitated a very friendly and peaceful workplace because of compassionate coworker relationships. I observed [your name]’s expression of a responsible and determinant attitude towards her job as a dental assistant and colleagues. [Your name]’s arrival from Cuba in 2011 was met by the